【豆苗翻译小组出品】自闭症的感官世界（三）

自闭症的感官世界（三） Taste 味觉 Chemical receptors in the tongue tell us about different tastes - sweet, sour, spicy and so on. People with an ASD may experience the following differences. 舌头上的化学接收器告诉我们不同的味道——甜，酸，辣等等。下列是一些自闭症患者也许会有的一些不同经历。 Hypo 弱敏 Likes very spicy foods. 喜欢非常辣的食物 Eats everything - soil, grass, Play-dough. This is known as pica. 吃所有能吃的东西：土，草，橡皮泥。这叫异食癖。 Hyper 过敏 Finds some flavours and foods too strong and overpowering because of very sensitive taste buds. Has a restricted diet. 由于味蕾的敏感，觉得一些食物的味道太过强烈，压倒一切。有一个严格的饮食习惯。 Certain textures cause discomfort; some children will only eat smooth foods like mashed potatoes or ice-cream. 一些质地会导致不适；一些孩子只吃光滑的食物，比如像捣碎的土豆或者冰淇淋。 Smell 嗅觉 Chemical receptors in the nose tell us about smells in our immediate environment. Smell is the first sense we rely upon. People with an ASD may experience the following differences. 鼻子里的化学接收器告诉我们环境里的味道。嗅觉是我们依赖的第一感觉。下列是一些自闭症患者也许会有的不同经历。 Hypo 弱敏 Some people have no sense of smell and fail to notice extreme odours (this can include their own body odour). 一些人对味道没有感觉，并且不能感受到刺激的味道（这个包括他们自己身体的味道）。 Some people may lick things to get a better sense of what they are. 一些人可能通过舔东西来更好地知道它们是什么。 Hyper 过敏 Smells can be intense and overpowering. This can cause toileting problems. 嗅觉非常强烈，具有压倒性。这个会对上厕所造成问题。 Dislikes people with distinctive perfumes, shampoos, etc. 不喜欢身上有强烈的香水味或洗发水味的人。 Smells like dogs, cats, deodorant and aftershave lotion are so strong to me I can't stand it, and perfume drives me nuts. Gillingham, G. (1995), page 60 狗，猫，除臭剂和剃须后洗剂这类东西的味道对我来说无法接受，香水让我发狂。 Balance (vestibular) 平衡（前庭系统） Situated in the inner ear, our vestibular system helps us maintain our balance and posture, and understand where and how fast our bodies are moving. People with an ASD may experience the following differences. 我们的前庭系统在我们的内耳里，帮助我们保持平衡和姿势，以及明白我们身体移动的位置和速度。下列是一些自闭症患者也许会有的不同经历。 Hypo 弱敏 A need to rock, swing or spin to get some sensory input. 需要通过摇晃，摆动或者旋转来获得感觉。 Hyper 过敏 Difficulties with activities like sport, where we need to control our movements. 在运动这样需要我们控制自身活动的事情上有困难。 Difficulties stopping quickly or during an activity. 在活动中很难快速停下来。 Car sickness. 晕车 Difficulties with activities where the head is not upright or feet are off the ground. 在需要头部向上或者脚离地的活动上有困难。 Body awareness (proprioception) 身体感知（本体感受） Situated in the muscles and joints, our body awareness system tells us where our bodies are in space, and how different body parts are moving. People with an ASD may experience the following differences. 我们的身体感知系统在肌肉和关节处，告诉我们身体在空间中的位置，以及我们身体不同部分正在怎样在运动。下列是一些自闭症患者也许会有的不同经历。 Hypo 弱敏 Stands too close to others, because they cannot measure their proximity to other people and judge personal space. 因为自闭症患者不能测量他们和别人之间的距离，判断个人空间，所以会和别人站得很近。 Hard to navigate rooms and avoid obstructions. 难以在驾驭空间和避免障碍。 May bump into people. 可能会撞到人。 Hyper 过敏 Difficulties with fine motor skills: manipulating small objects like buttons or shoe laces. 在动作技能上有困难：操作小东西，比如和鞋带。 Moves whole body to look at something. 移动整个身体来看一些东西。 Synaesthesia 联觉 Synaesthesia is a rare condition which some people with an ASD experience. A sensory experience goes in through one system and out through another. So a person might hear a sound but experience it as a colour. In other words, they will 'hear' the colour blue. 联觉是一个很罕见的自闭症患者会经历的情况。一种感受从一个感觉系统进入，却从另一个出来。所以可能一个人会听到声音，却认为那是颜色。换句话说，他们会听到蓝色。 Ways to help 帮助的方法 Here are some ways you may be able to help a person with sensory sensitivity. 这里有一些方法可能能够帮助感觉敏感性。 Often, small changes to the environment can make a difference. 通常情况下，环境的小变化可以带来改变。 Three points to remember are: 需要记住三点： be aware: look at the environment to see if it is creating difficulties for people with an ASD. Can you change anything? 留意：看看周围环境里是不是有什么在创造会对自闭症患者造成困扰的东西。你能改变这些东西吗？ be creative: think of some positive sensory experiences 具有创造性：想一些积极的感觉的经历。 be prepared: tell people with an ASD about possible sensory stimuli they may experience in different environments. 做好准备：告诉自闭症患者他们在不同环境中可能经历的感觉刺激。 Ways to help: sight 帮助方法：视觉 Hypo (under-sensitive) 弱敏（灵敏度不足） Increase the use of visual supports. (Seehttp://www.autism.org.uk/visualsupports for more information about using visual supports.) 加强视觉支持 Hyper (over-sensitive) 过敏（过度敏感） Reduce fluorescent lighting - use deep-coloured light bulbs instead. 减少荧光灯——用暗色的灯光代替 Wear sunglasses. 戴眼镜 Create a workstation in the classroom: a space or desk with high walls or divides on both sides to block out visual distractions. 在教室里创造一个工作室：一个有高墙或隔层的空间或桌子，这样能阻挡视觉上让人分心的东西。 Use blackout curtains. 用全黑窗帘 Ways to help: sound 帮助方法：听力 Hypo 弱敏 Use visual supports to back up verbal information. 用视觉支持来支持口头信息。 Hyper 过敏 Shut doors and windows to reduce external sounds. 关上门或者窗子来减少多余的声音 Prepare a person before going to noisy or crowded places. 在去吵闹或者拥挤的地方之前帮他做好准备。 Wear ear plugs. 戴耳塞 Listen to music. 听音乐 Create a workstation. 创造一个工作室 Ways to help: touch 帮助方法：触觉 Hypo 弱敏 Use weighted blankets or sleeping bags. 用加重毛毯或者睡袋。 Hyper 过敏 Warn a person if you are about to touch him or her; always approach him or her from the front. 在你要触摸他时告知他；尽量从前面触摸他。 对本文的特别申明: 文中红色部分为广告，没有翻译。由于我们的医学专业知识和翻译水平有限，译文可能会有瑕疵，欢迎大家提出宝贵的意见和建议，以便帮助豆苗计划翻译小组更好地开展工作。