关于《冷酷的方程式》(The Cold Equations)的一点小小发现
来自:夏笳(再见北京)
1982年出版的《科幻海洋》第四卷上,刊登了美国科幻作家汤姆·戈德温(Tom Godwin)的一篇作品《冷酷的方程式》(The Cold Equations)。小说将背景设置在未来太空时代、一艘小小的急救飞船之内。飞船的任务,是为目标行星上六名得病的探险队成员运送可以救命的血清,然而在行驶过程中,驾驶员却发现飞船上藏匿了一名偷渡者。按照星际法令,“急救飞船内一经发现偷渡者,应立即抛出舱外。”因为偷渡者的额外重量,将使得飞船在降落减速时提前耗尽能量坠毁,最终造成驾驶员、偷渡者与六名探险队员的死亡。令驾驶员没有想到的是,偷渡者竟是一位天真无邪的十八岁姑娘,为了去看望在行星上做探险队员的哥哥偷偷躲进飞船。经历痛苦的内心斗争后,驾驶员不得不将残酷的真相告知姑娘,然后执行了法令。小说中并未出现任何真刀实枪的斗争,然而那种紧张的戏剧张力却扣人心弦,尤其是将偷渡者塑造成一位天使般美丽、纯洁而又柔弱的姑娘,以此来唤起小说中驾驶员以及读者们的同情之心。但不管这份基于人道主义立场的同情有多么深厚,却最终在那“冷酷的方程式”面前败下阵来。对于每一位科幻小说的读者,同时也是接受过现代科学教育,能够运用“科学理性”进行思考的现代人来说,最终都不得不接受这个没有选择的选择:驾驶员必须执行他的职责,而姑娘也必须死。 (全文链接:http://www.douban.com/group/topic/22794091/) 这篇小说不仅在美国科幻界引发一连串争议,在中国科幻作家与读者中亦产生了广泛影响。韩松、宝树都曾创作过这篇小说的改写版本,想象在同样的飞船、同样的境况中,是否有其他办法保住姑娘的性命。在韩松《热乎乎的方程式或热乎乎的平衡》中,韩松让姑娘色诱宇航员,并且大骂:“那个写书的美国王八蛋真下流,真无耻!”(全文链接:http://www.douban.com/group/topic/9037877/)而宝树的《温馨的平衡》中,宇航员为了救姑娘的命,用激光手术刀割去姑娘的四肢,将其重量减少到最小。(全文链接:http://www.douban.com/note/163232144/)尽管两位男性作家提出的方案,都多少带有一些玩世不恭甚至“恶搞”的成分,但他们的创作初衷都是为了解构并且颠覆“冷酷的方程式”。 而刘慈欣则在多篇随笔和书评中提到这篇小说,称赞其“在小舞台一般简洁的虚拟小世界中,用两个符号一样的人物,准确深刻地展现出在宇宙铁一般法则面前传统伦理的脆弱。”并认为,科幻小说的意义,正在于通过类似这样的“思想实验”,让人们去思考那些日常状态下不会去面对的冷酷问题。 以下这段话最能代表刘慈欣关于这篇小说的思考: 这篇短短的小说发表后的几十年里,一直被关注和谈论,以至于评论界称它为“灼热的方程式”,它确实把科幻文学的灵魂直观鲜明地展现出来。它让我们看到,在一个科幻的世界设定下,已有的道德观和价值体系是多么的软弱无力。……只要把这个世界设定向前稍推一步,一切将变得真正冷酷起来。试着用科幻方式思维:假如飞船后面的地球不存在了,全人类只剩下飞船上的宇航员、偷乘的小女孩和目标星球上那些生命垂危等待救援的探险队员,他们是人类文明的全部,该怎么办?或换一个更宏伟也更有可能成为现实的设想:让地球上一亿人死,否则全人类六十亿一起死。当然也可以做道学家的选择,但问题是选择后人性的光辉同样消失,因为此后宇宙中没有人了。 (参见刘慈欣:《超越自恋——科幻给文学的机会》,《山西文学》2009年第07期,第80页。) 2007年,在与上海交通大学江晓原教授的一次对谈中,刘慈欣将小说中的两难困境上升到“生存”与“人性”二者择其一的层面——当人类集体面临生存危机的时候,究竟是要选择丢掉人性而活下来,还是保持人性直到最终灭亡?对此刘慈欣表示:“我从开始写科幻到现在,想的问题就是这个问题,到底要选哪个更合理?” 在对谈中,刘慈欣为了论证“生存大于人性”的观点,亦从《冷酷的方程式》出发,向江晓原提出这样一个“思想实验”:“假如人类世界只剩你我她(在场的另一位女记者)了,我们三个携带着人类文明的一切。而咱俩必须吃了她才能生存下去,你吃吗?”江晓原的回答是:“我觉得不吃比选择吃更负责任。如果吃,就是把人性丢失了。”刘慈欣则反驳道:“可是宇宙的全部文明都集中在咱俩手上,莎士比亚、爱因斯坦、歌德……不吃的话,这些文明就要随着你这个不负责任的举动完全湮灭了。要知道宇宙是很冷酷的,如果我们都消失了,一片黑暗,这当中没有人性不人性。现在选择不人性,而在将来,人性才有可能得到机会重新萌发。” (参见《为什么人类还值得拯救?——刘慈欣VS江晓原》,《新发现》,2007年第11期。) 而彼时正在写作中的《三体II:黑暗森林》,可以看做是对这一问题的正面回答——小说中的章北海和维德都是为了拯救人类而无视任何道德底线的反英雄,“失去人性,失去很多;失去兽性,失去一切”是他们的人生信条与行动口号。由此我们可以发现,“冷酷的方程式”作为一种情结,是何等深刻地渗透并且贯穿于中国科幻作家的思考脉络之中。 —————————————— 以上是我论文中的一段,以下则是我从wiki上摘录的一点资料(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cold_Equations),跟论文内容无关,但对比阅读一下感觉很有意思。 1,The story, first published in the August 1954 issue of Astounding, has been widely anthologized and even dramatized. 然而,这篇很有影响力的作品却并未获得过星云奖和雨果奖。(大刘数次称其为“雨果奖获奖作品”,应该是他记错了。) 2,关于这篇小说的评论,美国评论家亦认为故事有硬伤,姑娘并不是必死的。有意思的是评论者 Gary Westfahl 从一个工程师的角度指出,飞船不带足备用燃料就是故事最大的硬伤,如果跟同样身为工程师的大刘的态度相比就很具症候性了。 Critic Gary Westfahl has said that because the proposition depends upon systems that were built without enough margin for error, the story is good physics, but lousy engineering. He said that he himself was an engineer and he was so frustrated with the book, he said these words, "To hell with it, the book was not worth my time. Very poor Engineering." Writer Cory Doctorow has made a similar argument, noting that the constraints under which the characters operate are decided by the writers, and not therefore the "inescapable laws of physics". He argues that the decision of the writer to give the vessel no margin of safety and a marginal fuel supply focuses reader attention on the "need" for tough decisions in time of crisis and away from the responsibility for proper planning to ensure safety in the first place. Doctorow sees this as an example of moral hazard. 3,Writer Don Sakers' short story "The Cold Solution" (Analog, 1991), which debunks the premise, received the 1992 Analog Analytical Laboratory award as the readers' favorite Analog short story of 1991. 谁能找到这篇小说吗?我很想看看。 4,The story was shaped by Astounding editor John W. Campbell, who sent "Cold Equations" back to Godwin three times before he got the version he wanted, because "Godwin kept coming up with ingenious ways to save the girl!" 所以坎贝尔才是最不要脸的美国王八蛋 5,这篇小说有数个不同版本,包括克拉克也写过一个类似的故事,可见“冷酷的方程式”亦是美国科幻的某种情结。 Some sources, including Kurt Busiek, have alleged that Godwin essentially took the story from a story published in EC Comics' Weird Science #13, May–June 1952, called "A Weighty Decision", scripted by Al Feldstein. In that story there are three astronauts who are intended to be on the flight, not one, and the additional passenger, a girl that one of the astronauts has fallen in love with, is trapped aboard by a mistake rather than stowing away. As in "the Cold Equations", various measures are proposed but the only one which will not lead to worse disaster is for the unwitting passenger to be jettisoned. Algis Budrys said that "the Cold Equations was the best short story that Godwin ever wrote and he didn't write it". Other sources note that the theme of Feldstein's story is itself strikingly similarly to the story "Precedent", published by E. C. Tubb in 1949; in that story, as in the others, a stowaway must be ejected from a spaceship because the fuel aboard is only enough for the planned passengers. These sources argue that neither Feldstein nor Godwin intentionally "swiped" from the stories that came before, but merely produced similar variations on an ancient theme, that of an individual being sacrificed so that the rest may survive, but there were only two people on that ship. Arthur C. Clarke's 1949 short story Breaking Strain is based on two people on a spacecraft and only one can live. But this is a male crew of two and they are short of oxygen, not fuel. In Carl Barks's 1948 "Rocket Race to the Moon" (Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #93, June 1948 issue), Donald Duck's nephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie stow away on Donald's rocketship. Once they land on the lunar surface, they discover that the extra weight of the young ducks has used up so much fuel that they do not have enough for the return trip, thus stranding them on the Moon. 6,坎贝尔为该小说所写的前言, frontier 在这里表达的意思很微妙,让我想到刘维佳的《高塔下的小镇》,以及大刘的“黑暗森林”。 John Campbell’s original preface to this story: “The Frontier is a strange place – and a frontier is not always easy to recognize. It may lie on the other side of a simple door marked ‘No admittance’ – but it is always deadly dangerous.”
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