走进济慈 1: 怠惰颂
时光深处(Silence is my word)
Ode on Indolence (1819.3) ‘They toil not, neither do they spin.’ One morn before me were three figures seen, With bowèd necks, and joinèd hands, side-faced; And one behind the other stepp’d serene, In placid sandals, and in white robes graced; They pass’d, like figures on a marble urn, When shifted round to see the other side; They came again; as when the urn once more Is shifted round, the first seen shades return; And they were strange to me, as may betide With vases, to one deep in Phidian lore. How is it, Shadows! that I knew ye not? How came ye muffled in so hush a mask? Was it a silent deep-disguisèd plot To steal away, and leave without a task My idle days? Ripe was the drowsy hour; The blissful cloud of summer-indolence Benumb’d my eyes; my pulse grew less and less; Pain had no sting, and pleasure’s wreath no flower: O, why did ye not melt, and leave my sense Unhaunted quite of all but—nothingness? A third time pass’d they by, and, passing, turn’d Each one the face a moment whiles to me; Then faded, and to follow them I burn’d And ached for wings, because I knew the three; The first was a fair Maid, and Love her name; The second was Ambition, pale of cheek, And ever watchful with fatiguèd eye; The last, whom I love more, the more of blame Is heap’d upon her, maiden most unmeek,— I knew to be my demon Poesy. They faded, and, forsooth! I wanted wings: O folly! What is Love? and where is it? And for that poor Ambition! it springs From a man’s little heart’s short fever-fit; For Poesy!—no,—she has not a joy,— At least for me,—so sweet as drowsy noons, And evenings steep’d in honey’d indolence; O, for an age so shelter’d from annoy, That I may never know how change the moons, Or hear the voice of busy common-sense! And once more came they by:—alas! wherefore? My sleep had been embroider’d with dim dreams; My soul had been a lawn besprinkled o’er With flowers, and stirring shades, and baffled beams: The morn was clouded, but no shower fell, Tho’ in her lids hung the sweet tears of May; The open casement press’d a new-leaved vine, Let in the budding warmth and throstle’s lay; O Shadows! ’twas a time to bid farewell! Upon your skirts had fallen no tears of mine. So, ye three Ghosts, adieu! Ye cannot raise My head cool-bedded in the flowery grass; For I would not be dieted with praise, A pet-lamb in a sentimental farce! Fade softly from my eyes, and be once more In masque-like figures on the dreamy urn; Farewell! I yet have visions for the night, And for the day faint visions there is store; Vanish, ye Phantoms! from my idle spright, Into the clouds, and never more return! 版本:Complete Poems and Selected Letters of John Keats (Random House Inc., 2001) 本来诗行的排列错开,押韵的句子相互对齐,这里发了之后就都变成全篇对齐了。T T 诗人在一开篇就引用圣经里的话,马太福音 6章25-31节是上帝借耶稣告诉人们:“不要为生命忧虑吃什么、喝什么,为身体忧虑穿什么”,因为即使是小野花,“不劳苦也不纺线” (They toil not, neither do they spin),它们的生命也自有荣美。诗人为什么要引这句话?并把它放在全篇的最开端?这里留待下文细说。 第一段读完后,读者可能会觉得云里雾里,不知所云。因为济慈描写了三个身影,像一只古瓮上雕刻的人像一样,只要不停转动古瓮,他们就会不停地出现、消失、出现。如果读完全篇,就会发现,整首诗正是按照这条“出现-消失-出现”的循环往复之线在转动,像一只古瓮。(这个意象也让容易让人联想到他的《希腊古瓮颂》,因而这三个身影也如三个神祗。)而诗人也在这三个身影幽灵般的不停骚扰之下,表现出在拒斥与追随、行动与怠惰之间的矛盾。(矛盾的感情与结构在他的诗中可以经常看到,这在我日后分析他的其他诗歌中可以更清楚地看见。) 直到读到第三节,当诗人说出这三个幽灵的名字,我们才恍然大悟诗人到底在说什么。原来它们是爱 Love、野心 Ambition与诗情 Poesy。而诗人也量体裁衣,分别用了不同的词语来描述它们。爱是一个漂亮的女孩 fair Maid;野心却有着苍白的脸颊并且永远睁着疲惫的眼睛pale of cheek, and ever watchful with fatigued eye——这一描述令人想到诗人的“On Seeing the Elgin Marbles” (初见爱尔金壁石有感) My spirit is too weak—mortality/ Weighs heavily on me like unwilling sleep,/ And each imagined pinnacle and steep/ Of godlike hardship tells me I must die. 济慈终其一生都梦想着以诗驰名诗坛,可能还有接下来出诗集大卖赚钱然后娶Fanny小姐(电影Bright Star里有表现)。可以说他是有着勃勃雄心的。无奈这一雄心给诗人很大的心理压力和思想负担,让他难以入睡(济慈常常失眠可参《詠睡眠》),所以是脸颊苍白并且永远睁着疲惫的眼睛。这一切痛苦的来源都是第三个幽灵——Poesy,诗神,或诗之灵感。在《夜莺颂》里,诗人说正是这个Poesy让他插上了翅膀与夜莺一同翱翔。也正是这个Poesy让诗人写下了无数曼妙的诗篇,用王佐良的话说是“意境,音韵,形象,无一不美”。但也是这个Poesy让诗人备受煎熬,忧心失眠。所以诗人对她才有这样又爱又恨的复杂情感:“whom I love more, the more of blame/ Is heap’d upon her, maiden most unmeek,—/ I knew to be my demon Poesy." 爱之不可得,抱负之未实现,以及诗情之不可捉摸,以及永恒地对这三者的渴慕与追寻,使得诗人特别珍惜眼前的这一种什么事也不做的空灵的闲暇(idle days)。在二、四、五节里诗人用了许多字眼来描述他正处其中的这一种悠闲甚至是怠惰indolence状态。在这里济慈充分展示了他非凡的想象力和遣词功力:困倦的夏日午后是甜蜜的,一如那些慵懒的黄昏(evenings steep'd in honey's indolence直译就是蘸在涂了蜜的慵懒里的黄昏)。这些时刻如成熟的果实,又如满载祝福的云朵(“Ripe was the drowsy hour”; “the blissful cloud of summer-indolence”)。诗人可能正睡在午睡,他的梦是镶了边的,灵魂是一片点缀了花朵树影的草地(My sleep had been embroider’d with dim dreams;/My soul had been a lawn besprinkled o’er/ With flowers, and stirring shades, and baffled beams:)。在这样的慵懒惬意中,诗人感到自己的脉搏似乎都在变得微弱。 正因为此,诗人才恼怒那三个幽灵搅扰了自己这种放松自在、无忧无虑的状态,而质问他们是不是有什么密谋(plot)要夺走他的好时光。 可是诗人又不忍虚度时光,因此在看到爱、抱负与诗情渐行渐远的时候,他又不甘心了,又被自己的渴望点燃了burn'd,因而他痛苦地渴求一对翅膀ached for wings,去追上他们。但是诗人很快意识到这一切不过是痴人说梦(folly),第四节说道爱渺茫无踪迹,野心抱负不过是狭窄的心上的一阵热病,而诗情从未给他带来过快乐—— 因而诗人祈求现在这一种慵懒与闲暇能够永驻,至少不受打扰。所以他一次比一次严厉地要斥退那三个幽灵,一开始是喊他们”Shadows”影子;然后变成“Ghosts”幽灵,最后是“Phantoms"魅影。在这种拒斥之中诗人更达到一种哲学上的参透,他不肯再为了人间的赞誉而从青青草地上抬起自己清醒而骄傲的头颅,亦明白胜誉之下的人不过是人们情感闹剧里的玩宠而已(a pet-lamb in a sentimental farce)。真是,往矣!吾将曳尾于indolence中。 但是,古瓮还是继续转动,如果不是当下,也在视线之外的某处。 再回到最开始的地方,为什么要引用圣经里的那句话呢?现在看来,这句话正好统摄了全篇,用句陈词滥调说就是是主题的升华——为什么诗人能够安于怠惰呢?因为上帝说: 马太福音 6:25 所以我告诉你们、不要为生命忧虑、吃甚么、喝甚么.为身体忧虑穿甚么.生命不胜于饮食么、身体不胜于衣裳么。26 你们看那天上的飞鸟、也不种、也不收、也不积蓄在仓里、你们的天父尚且养活他.你们不比飞鸟贵重得多么。 27 你们那一个能用思虑、使寿数多加一刻呢。28 何必为衣裳忧虑呢.你想野地里的百合花、怎么长起来、他也不劳苦、也不纺线. 29 然而我告诉你们、就是所罗门极荣华的时候、他所穿戴的、还不如这花一朵呢。 这看起来似乎是济慈在为自己偷闲找来的高尚的借口,但其实正是诗人借助圣典来表达自己对追逐名利的参透。作者长期被三大幽灵困扰,正如他的所有诗作向我们呈现的那样;这另一方面其实也是他对自己提出的高标准高要求,一种严肃也是严厉的不断寻求完美的努力(也因此才有了王佐良那句”无一不美“的评价)。只有在这短暂的indolence里,诗人才得以享受与自己的最终和解,以及对阴晴圆缺的无所忧心。 最后再来说一下这首诗在济慈诗作里的位置。有文学评论家(Walter Evert)认为《怠惰颂》劣于济慈其他的1819年颂歌,而且“不太可能有人喜爱《怠惰颂》,可以肯定的是,这不是济慈的。为什么他将它排除在1820年卷外,我们不知道,但它是重复和夸夸其谈和结构体弱,这些将是足够的理由。”可是,我觉得真的这首诗是在1819年的六首颂中仅次于《夜莺颂》的了。它的“重复”和“结构体弱”,正是济慈内心最深刻的矛盾的自然表现,这些拿起与放下、拒斥与重新出发、自我宽慰与自我激励之间的纠缠,自然而然取了这么一种一唱三叹、一步一回头的形式。而作者巧设悬念的精妙构思就更不用多说了。至于“夸夸其谈”,天哪,还有什么词能比“ripe was the drowsy hour”; “the blissful cloud of summer-indolence”以及“evenings steep’d in honey’d indolence”更好地形容这一种夏日午后的慵懒、惬意与困倦吗? 最重要的是,哪一个有梦的青年不曾有爱、有勃勃野心、还有那欲乘仙归去的诗情呢?这正是济慈到今天依然能感动我们的原因啊。 版权归本人所有,引用请注明出处。
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