译散文·《背影》
原文：我看那边月台的栅栏外有几个卖东西的等着顾客。走到那边月台，须穿过铁道，须跳下去又爬上去。父亲是一个胖子，走过去自然要费些事。我本来要去的，他不肯，只好让他去。
I caught sight of several vendors waiting for customers outside the railings beyond a platform.But to reach that platform require crossing the railway track and doing some climbing up and down.That would be a strenuous job for father,who was fat.I wanted do all that myself,but he stopped me,so i could do nothing but let him go.
原文：他和我走到车上，将橘子一股脑儿放在我的皮大衣上。于是扑扑衣上的泥土，心里很轻松似的，过一会说，“我走了；到那边来信！”我望着他走出去。
After boarding the train with me,he laid all the tangerines on my overcoat,and patting the dirt off his clothes ,he looked somewhat relieved and said after a while"I must be going now,don't forget to write me from Beijing." I gazed after his back retreating out of the carriage.
【学习】
1. “心里很轻松似的”
译为looked somewhat relieved“看起来很轻松”。
2. “我望着他”
译为I gazed after his back“看着他的背影”。
Look; gaze; glance; glare; ogle; peep; scan; stare
* look 看；注视
Look at this painting!
看这幅画！
* gaze （长时间）凝视，注视（具有吸引力的人或物）
We gazed at the majesty of the mountains.
我们凝望着雄伟的山脉。
* glance 扫视；瞥见；匆匆一看
I glanced back over my shoulder to make sure that no one was following me.
我朝背后瞥了一眼，以确信没有人在跟踪我。
* glare 怒目而视
John glared at me when I mentioned his wife.
我提到他妻子时，约翰愤怒地瞪着我。
* ogle 送秋波，抛媚眼；色迷迷地看
She is fed up with being ogled by strange men.
她极其厌烦被陌生男人色迷迷地盯着看。
* peep 快速地看；瞥见
She peeped at him through her fringe.
她透过额发瞥了他一眼。
* scan 浏览；扫视；审视（有时可与glance互换使用）
She was anxiously scanning the newspaper to see if her name was mentioned.
她急切地浏览着报纸，看自己的名字有没有被提到。
* stare （长时间地，有时指无礼地）盯着看，注视
He could not help staring at her.
他忍不住盯着她看。
3. “走出去”
译为retreating out of the carriage。这里用了retreat，顺便提一下，在军方撤退中，retreat通常用于对方军队，withdraw(al)通常用于己方的军队。如：
force the enemy to retreat 迫使敌人退却
cover the militia’s withdrawal 掩护民兵撤回（撤退）
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
原文：近几年来，父亲和我都是东奔西走，家中光景是一日不如一日。他少年出外谋生，独力支持，做了许多大事。
In recent years both father and I have been living an unsettled life.and the circumstances of my family going from bad to worse.Father left home to seek a livelihood when young and achieve quite a few things all on his own
【学习】
1. “东奔西走”
这里不宜译为going in all directions for sth.或run or rush here and there之类的，因为作者这里有隐含的意思，就是“为了生计而奔忙，生活过得不安定”。我们译的时候要注意将这层含意表达出来，于是张爷爷将这个词处理为living an unsettled life。unsettled用在这里很贴切，需要注意的是，unsettled常常表达的有两个意思：“多变的”或“不安定的”（un+settled）和“扰乱；使心绪不宁”（unsettle的过去式）。如：
The weather has been very unsettled (= it has changed a lot).
天气一直变幻莫测。
These were difficult and unsettled times.
那是个艰难而动荡的时期。
The sudden changes unsettled her.
突然的变化使她心绪不宁。
2. “光景”
在这里应该理解为“状况”，因此译文用了circumstances，我们还可以用situation; conditions等来表达。在下面这句话中还可以这样处理：
他的光景挺不错。
He’s comfortably off.
在这里off用作形容词，“处于……境况的”。
在这所房子附近约半英里外有一座小山。
There is a hill beside the house, about half a mile off.
off在这句话里是副词用法，“离，距；离海岸”。
3. “谋生”
这里译为seek a livelihood，同样，我们也可以译make a living。不过，以下两种表达是有区别的：make a living out of…是“以……谋生”，make a livelihood out of…是“把……当作职业”。而且，livelihood比living正式。
4. “做了许多大事”
译为achieve quite a few things，quite a few = a good many是“不少，相当多”的意思。需要注意的是a great many是“很多”，比前两个语气都重。
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acquire, attain, obtain, gain, earn, achieve, secure, get（这一组词汇做动词用时都有“获得，取得”的意思）
*acquire vt. （尤指通过努力）取得，获得；学到；开始占有；开始具有
多指经过本身的努力逐步获得才能，知识，荣誉和习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调“一经获得就会长期持有”的含义。
acquire knowledge 获得知识
acquire a good knowledge of English by careful study 通过用心学习获得很好的英语知识
It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.
正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
His brow has acquired its first wrinkle.
他的额头已出现第一条皱纹。
*attain vt./vi. 达到；获得；到达
正式用词，多用于庄重的场合，主要指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；达到某一目标、重要的目的或得到珍贵的东西。
The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.
这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
He has attained the age of ninety.
他已达90高龄。
The scientist attained great fame by a new discovery.
那科学家由于一次新发现而出了名。
*obtain vt. 得到，获得
多指凭努力或恳求得到急需或很想得到的东西。用于正式语体中。
He obtained the property with a bank loan.
他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
She obtained her degree in 2001.
她在2001年获得学位。
This obtained him added respect.（这个句型要好好记一下，背下来叭干脆~囧）
这使他更受尊敬。
Howard had failed to obtain a scholarship.
霍华德没能得到奖学金。（这里请童鞋们还要注意failed to 的用法，“没能……”，非常有用，一定要记住哦。）
*gain vt. 获得，取得，得到；博得；赢得
指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处，赢得给自己带来优势的东西；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.
投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得到利润。
They advanced up the gangway and gained the deck.
他们经舷梯登上甲板。
*earn vt. 赚得，挣得
指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
How much do you earn a week?
你一星期挣多少？
He earned excellent sums of money by acting.
他靠演戏挣了大笔的钱。
*achieve vt. 完成，实现；（经努力）达到，得到
多指克服困难后取得胜利，成功，强调“取得”这一结果、成就、目标、幸福。
The movie star achieved success and wealth.
这个影星取得了成功和财富。
All this cannot be achieved overnight.
这一切不是朝夕之间可以做到的。
*secure v. 弄到，获得；替……弄到
含有肯定占有，难以得到的东西之意。
A million signatures have been secured.
已征集到了100万人的签名。
He secured only 350 votes.
他只获得350票。
*get v. 获得；得到
用得最广，可指以各种方式获得各种东西。
Where can I get enough information?
我从哪儿能得到足够的资料？
What are you going to do when you get your degree?
你获得学位后打算干什么？
I caught sight of several vendors waiting for customers outside the railings beyond a platform.But to reach that platform require crossing the railway track and doing some climbing up and down.That would be a strenuous job for father,who was fat.I wanted do all that myself,but he stopped me,so i could do nothing but let him go.
原文：他和我走到车上，将橘子一股脑儿放在我的皮大衣上。于是扑扑衣上的泥土，心里很轻松似的，过一会说，“我走了；到那边来信！”我望着他走出去。
After boarding the train with me,he laid all the tangerines on my overcoat,and patting the dirt off his clothes ,he looked somewhat relieved and said after a while"I must be going now,don't forget to write me from Beijing." I gazed after his back retreating out of the carriage.
【学习】
1. “心里很轻松似的”
译为looked somewhat relieved“看起来很轻松”。
2. “我望着他”
译为I gazed after his back“看着他的背影”。
Look; gaze; glance; glare; ogle; peep; scan; stare
* look 看；注视
Look at this painting!
看这幅画！
* gaze （长时间）凝视，注视（具有吸引力的人或物）
We gazed at the majesty of the mountains.
我们凝望着雄伟的山脉。
* glance 扫视；瞥见；匆匆一看
I glanced back over my shoulder to make sure that no one was following me.
我朝背后瞥了一眼，以确信没有人在跟踪我。
* glare 怒目而视
John glared at me when I mentioned his wife.
我提到他妻子时，约翰愤怒地瞪着我。
* ogle 送秋波，抛媚眼；色迷迷地看
She is fed up with being ogled by strange men.
她极其厌烦被陌生男人色迷迷地盯着看。
* peep 快速地看；瞥见
She peeped at him through her fringe.
她透过额发瞥了他一眼。
* scan 浏览；扫视；审视（有时可与glance互换使用）
She was anxiously scanning the newspaper to see if her name was mentioned.
她急切地浏览着报纸，看自己的名字有没有被提到。
* stare （长时间地，有时指无礼地）盯着看，注视
He could not help staring at her.
他忍不住盯着她看。
3. “走出去”
译为retreating out of the carriage。这里用了retreat，顺便提一下，在军方撤退中，retreat通常用于对方军队，withdraw(al)通常用于己方的军队。如：
force the enemy to retreat 迫使敌人退却
cover the militia’s withdrawal 掩护民兵撤回（撤退）
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
原文：近几年来，父亲和我都是东奔西走，家中光景是一日不如一日。他少年出外谋生，独力支持，做了许多大事。
In recent years both father and I have been living an unsettled life.and the circumstances of my family going from bad to worse.Father left home to seek a livelihood when young and achieve quite a few things all on his own
【学习】
1. “东奔西走”
这里不宜译为going in all directions for sth.或run or rush here and there之类的，因为作者这里有隐含的意思，就是“为了生计而奔忙，生活过得不安定”。我们译的时候要注意将这层含意表达出来，于是张爷爷将这个词处理为living an unsettled life。unsettled用在这里很贴切，需要注意的是，unsettled常常表达的有两个意思：“多变的”或“不安定的”（un+settled）和“扰乱；使心绪不宁”（unsettle的过去式）。如：
The weather has been very unsettled (= it has changed a lot).
天气一直变幻莫测。
These were difficult and unsettled times.
那是个艰难而动荡的时期。
The sudden changes unsettled her.
突然的变化使她心绪不宁。
2. “光景”
在这里应该理解为“状况”，因此译文用了circumstances，我们还可以用situation; conditions等来表达。在下面这句话中还可以这样处理：
他的光景挺不错。
He’s comfortably off.
在这里off用作形容词，“处于……境况的”。
在这所房子附近约半英里外有一座小山。
There is a hill beside the house, about half a mile off.
off在这句话里是副词用法，“离，距；离海岸”。
3. “谋生”
这里译为seek a livelihood，同样，我们也可以译make a living。不过，以下两种表达是有区别的：make a living out of…是“以……谋生”，make a livelihood out of…是“把……当作职业”。而且，livelihood比living正式。
4. “做了许多大事”
译为achieve quite a few things，quite a few = a good many是“不少，相当多”的意思。需要注意的是a great many是“很多”，比前两个语气都重。
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
acquire, attain, obtain, gain, earn, achieve, secure, get（这一组词汇做动词用时都有“获得，取得”的意思）
*acquire vt. （尤指通过努力）取得，获得；学到；开始占有；开始具有
多指经过本身的努力逐步获得才能，知识，荣誉和习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调“一经获得就会长期持有”的含义。
acquire knowledge 获得知识
acquire a good knowledge of English by careful study 通过用心学习获得很好的英语知识
It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.
正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
His brow has acquired its first wrinkle.
他的额头已出现第一条皱纹。
*attain vt./vi. 达到；获得；到达
正式用词，多用于庄重的场合，主要指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；达到某一目标、重要的目的或得到珍贵的东西。
The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.
这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
He has attained the age of ninety.
他已达90高龄。
The scientist attained great fame by a new discovery.
那科学家由于一次新发现而出了名。
*obtain vt. 得到，获得
多指凭努力或恳求得到急需或很想得到的东西。用于正式语体中。
He obtained the property with a bank loan.
他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
She obtained her degree in 2001.
她在2001年获得学位。
This obtained him added respect.（这个句型要好好记一下，背下来叭干脆~囧）
这使他更受尊敬。
Howard had failed to obtain a scholarship.
霍华德没能得到奖学金。（这里请童鞋们还要注意failed to 的用法，“没能……”，非常有用，一定要记住哦。）
*gain vt. 获得，取得，得到；博得；赢得
指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处，赢得给自己带来优势的东西；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.
投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得到利润。
They advanced up the gangway and gained the deck.
他们经舷梯登上甲板。
*earn vt. 赚得，挣得
指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
How much do you earn a week?
你一星期挣多少？
He earned excellent sums of money by acting.
他靠演戏挣了大笔的钱。
*achieve vt. 完成，实现；（经努力）达到，得到
多指克服困难后取得胜利，成功，强调“取得”这一结果、成就、目标、幸福。
The movie star achieved success and wealth.
这个影星取得了成功和财富。
All this cannot be achieved overnight.
这一切不是朝夕之间可以做到的。
*secure v. 弄到，获得；替……弄到
含有肯定占有，难以得到的东西之意。
A million signatures have been secured.
已征集到了100万人的签名。
He secured only 350 votes.
他只获得350票。
*get v. 获得；得到
用得最广，可指以各种方式获得各种东西。
Where can I get enough information?
我从哪儿能得到足够的资料？
What are you going to do when you get your degree?
你获得学位后打算干什么？
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