今日新知:Ketchup来自汉语的哪个词?(修订版)
以前看到说英文词Ketchup来自汉语,但苦思不得究竟与哪个词的发音对应。今天查阅了《美国传统词典》里面如是说: Word History: The word ketchup exemplifies the types of modifications that can take place in borrowingboth of words and substances. The source of our word ketchup may be the Malay word kēchap, possibly taken into Malay from the Cantonese dialect of Chinese. Kēchap, like ketchup, was a sauce, but one without tomatoes; rather, it contained fish brine, herbs, and spices. Sailors seem to have brought the sauce to Europe, where it was made with locally available ingredients such as the juice of mushrooms or walnuts. At some unknown point, when the juice of tomatoes was first used, ketchup as we know it was born. But it is important to realize that in the 18th and 19th centuries ketchup was a generic term for sauces whose only common ingredient was vinegar. The word is first recorded in English in 1690 in the form catchup, in 1711 in the form ketchup, and in 1730 in the form catsup. All three spelling variants of this foreign borrowing remain current. 终于明白,可能是“茄汁”这个词的粤语发音。由于之前一直纠结重音在第一个音节上,没有想到对应中文的发音重音是第二个音节。 ===================== 2月16日更新: 分割线以上的这部分内容,是13日晚上我顺手查阅词典得到的内容。关于“Ketchup”的来源,我一直比较感兴趣,但毕竟不是受过专门语言学训练的人,所得到的信息和当时推测的结论,一方面来自词典,一方面来自所学过的一点点粤语,中间的推断,没有经过仔细的考虑,也没有对照查阅相关资料,只是作为当天的笔记立此存照而已。 没想到这篇简短的笔记经过友邻的推荐,如同滚雪球,引来了许多语言同好者共同探讨。从各位的留言讨论中,我受教颇多,也进一步查阅了相关的资料,增补在下面。谢谢大家! 1、源流: 目前有几种猜测,来自广东话或闽南话,并经由马来语进入英语,这种说法是在词典中普遍采用的(字源词典、大英百科全书、美国传统词典、牛津英语词典、维基词典……); 2、意思 在词典中的对其字源的讨论,大致可认为是鱼露或酱油类的东西: 1711, from Malay kichap, from Chinese (Amoy dial.) koechiap "brine of fish." Catsup (earlier catchup ) is a failed attempt at Anglicization, still in use in U.S. Originally a fish sauce, ... Cited: Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper C18: from Chinese (Amoy) kōetsiap brine of pickled fish, from kōe seafood + tsiap sauce Cited: Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition 2009 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins 1705–15; < Malay kəchap fish sauce, perhaps < dialectal Chinese kéjāp (Guangdong) or ke-tsiap (Xiamen), akin to Chinese qié eggplant + chī juice Cited: Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2011. The word derives from the Chinese ke-tsiap, a fish brine, probably by way of the Malaysian ketjap Cited: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 以上四种词典/百科全书中,兰登书屋字典特别指出了是来自广东话的“kéjāp”或厦门话的“ke-tsiap”,与“茄汁”近义;柯林斯字典指出是“kōe-tsiap”,是厦门(Amoy)方言,意思是“海鲜汁”。 3、“茄汁”、“鮭汁”、“醢汁”? 我在刚开始曾设想ketchup对应的是粤语“茄汁”,这种说法算是流传最广的一种。(后来还曾猜测是“豉抽”,意思虽能对上但发音相差太远)。经过向各位的跟帖学习,并进一步搜索后,又找到更多的资料。 在黄居仁先生(香港理工大学)的《catchup 來自閩南語:詞彙旅行三百年》一文中提到了与柯林斯字典一致的说法,文后的跟帖提到对应的汉字应是“鮭汁”。“鮭汁”在日语中尚在使用。这种说法有许多支持文字,各位可自行搜索“鮭汁”即得。 台湾翻译学学会下设的词典及语料库研究中心网站(已关站),曾发表彭钦清先生(台湾国立政治大学)的文章《醢与番茄酱关系初探》(引言、醢的源流及演變、醢製食品的流傳、結語),探讨Ketchup字源应是中原古音的“醢”(现代汉语中发音为“海”,说文解字反切:呼改切)不断经过人民南迁,在粤、闽、吴、客等方言中保留下来,并转为“膎”或“鮭”字。 彭钦清先生的文章考虑到了中原古音和语言流变,似乎更有道理一些。