中国人民银行办公厅关于印发《经济金融术语汉英对照表》的通知
颁布机关：中国人民银行办公厅
文 号：银办发[1998]26号
颁布时间：03/25/1998
实施时间：03/25/1998
效力状态：有效
总行各司局、外汇管理局，中国人民银行各省、自治区、直辖市分行，深圳经济特区分行：
为更好的适应对外金融交往的需要，准确把握一些重要的汉英宏观经济金融术语的内涵，现印发已编译出的汉英经济金融术语汇编，供你们在工作和学习时使用。
中国人民银行办公厅
一九九八年三月二十五日
附：
经济金融术语汉英对照表（表一）
A
安全网
safety net
按可比口径
on comparable basis
按轻重缓急
to prioritize
暗补
implicit subsidy
暗亏
hidden loss
B
颁发营业执照
to license;to grant a licence to
办理存款业务
to take deposits
保护农民的生产积极性
to protect farmers'incentive to produce
备付金（超额准备金）
excess reserves
本外币并账
consolidation of domestic and foreign currencyaccounts
本外币对冲操作
sterilization operation
本位利益
localized interest;departmentalism
奔小康
to strive to prosper;to strive to become well-to-do
避税（请见“逃税”）
tax avoidance
币种搭配不当
currency mismatch
币种构成
currency composition
变相社会集资
disguised irregular（or illegal） fund raising
表外科目（业务）
off-balance-sheet items（operation）
薄弱环节
weaknesses;loopholes
不变成本
fixed cost
不变价
at constant price;in real terms
不动产
real estate
不良贷款（资产）
problem loans；non-performing loans（assets）
C
财务公司
finance companies
财政赤字
fiscal deficit
财政挤银行
fiscal pressure on the central bank（over monetary policy）
财政政策与货币政策的配合
coordination of fiscal and monetary policies
采取循序渐进的方法
in a phased and sequenced manner
操作弹性
operational flexibility
操纵汇率
to manipulate exchange rate
产品构成
product composition;product mix
产品积压
stock pile;excessive inventory
产销率
current period inventory;（即期库存，不含前期库存）sales/output ratio
产销衔接
marketability
产业政策
industrial policy
长期国债
treasury bonds
敞口头寸
open position
炒股
to speculate in the stock market
承购包销
underwrite（securities）
成套机电产品
complete sets of equipment;complete plant（s）
城市信用社
urban credit cooperatives（UCCs）
城市合作银行
urban cooperative banks;municipal united banks
城市商业银行
municipal commercial banks
城乡居民收入增长超过物价涨幅
real growth in household income
持续升温
persistent overheating
重复布点
duplicate projects
重置成本
replacement cost
重组计划
restructuring plan
筹资渠道
funding sources;financing channels
初见成效
initial success
出口统一管理、归口经营
canalization of exports
出口退税
export tax rebate
储蓄存款
household deposits（不完全等同于西方savingsdeposits，前者包括活期存款，后者不包括。）
储蓄分流
diversion of household deposits
储源萎缩
decline in the availability of household savings
传导机制
transmission mechanism
从价税
ad valorem tax
从紧控制
tight control
存贷款比例
loan/deposit ratio
存款保险体系
deposit insurance system
存款货币银行
deposit money banks
存款准备金
required reserves
D
打白条
issue IOU
大额存单
certificate of deposit（CD）
大额提现
withdraw deposits in large amounts
大面积滑坡
wide-spread decline
大一统的银行体制
（all-in-one）mono-bank system
呆账（请见“坏账”）
bad loans
呆账准备金
loan loss reserves（provisions）
呆滞贷款
idle loans
贷款沉淀
non-performing loans
贷款分类
loan classification
贷款限额管理
credit control;to impose credit ceiling
贷款约束机制
credit disciplinary（constraint）mechanism
代理国库
to act as fiscal agent
代理金融机构贷款
make loans on behalf of other institutions
戴帽贷款
ear-marked loans
倒逼机制
reversed transmission of the pressure for easing monetary condition
道德风险
moral hazard
地区差别
regional disparity
第一产业
the primary industry
第二产业
the secondary industry
第三产业
the service industry;the tertiary industry
递延资产
deferrable assets
订货不足
insufficient orders
定期存款
time deposits
定向募集
raising funds from targeted sources
东道国（请见“母国”）
host country
独立核算
independent accounting
短期国债
treasury bills
对冲操作
sterilization operation;hedging
对非金融部门债权
claims on non-financial sector
多种所有制形式
diversified ownership
E
恶性通货膨胀
hyperinflation
二级市场
secondary market
F
发行货币
to issue currency
发行总股本
total stock issue
法定准备金
required reserves;reserve requirement
法人股
institutional shares
法人股东
institutional shareholders
法治
rule of law
房地产投资
real estate investment
放松银根
to ease monetary policy
非现场稽核
off-site surveillance（or monitoring）
非银行金融机构
non-bank financial institutions
非赢利性机构
non-profit organizations
分税制
assignment of central and local taxes;tax assignment system
分业经营
segregation of financial busines（services）;division of business scope based on the type of financial institutions
风险暴露（风险敞口）
risk exposure
风险管理
risk management
风险意识
risk awareness
风险资本比例
risk-weighted capital ratios
风险资本标准
risk-based capital standard
服务事业收入
public service charges;user's charges
扶贫
poverty alleviation
负增长
negative growth
复式预算制
double-entry budgeting;capital and current budgetary account
G
改革试点
reform experimentation
杠杆率
leverage ratio
杠杆收购
leveraged buyout
高息集资
to raise funds by offering high interest
个人股
non-institutional shares
根本扭转
fundamental turnaround（or reversal）
公开市场操作
open market operations
公款私存
deposit public funds in personal accounts
公用事业
public utilities
公有经济
the state-owned sector;the public sector
公有制
public ownership
工业成本利润率
profit-to-cost ratio
工业增加值
industrial value added
供大于求
supply exceeding demand;excessive supply
鼓励措施
incentives
股份合作企业
joint-equity cooperative enterprises
股份制企业
joint-equity enterprises
股份制银行
joint-equity banks
固定资产贷款
fixed asset loans
关税减免
tariff reduction and exemption
关税减让
tariff concessions
关税优惠
tariff incentives;preferential tariff treatment
规范行为
to regularize（or standardize）…behavior
规模效益
economies of scale
国计民生
national interest and people's livelihood
国家对个人其他支出
other government outlays to individuals
国家风险
country risk
国际分工
international division of labor
国际收支
balance of payments
国有独资商业银行
wholly state-owned commercial banks
国有经济（部门）
the state-owned（or public）sector
国有企业
state-owned enterprises（SOEs）
国有制
state-ownership
国有资产流失
erosion of state assets
国债回购
government securities repurchase
国债一级自营商
primary underwriters of government securities
过度竞争
excessive competition
过度膨胀
excessive expansion
过热迹象
signs of overheating
H
合理预期
rational expectation
核心资本
core capital
合资企业
joint-venture enterprises
红利
dividend
宏观经济运营良好
sound macroeconomic performance
宏观经济基本状况
macroeconomic fundamentals
宏观调控
macroeconomic management（or adjustment）
宏观调控目标
macroeconomic objectives（or targets）
坏账
bad debt
还本付息
debt service
换汇成本
unit export cost;local currency cost of export earnings
汇兑在途
funds in float
汇兑支出
advance payment of remittance by the beneficiary's bank
汇率并轨
unification of exchange rates
活期存款
demand deposits
汇率失调
exchange rate misalignment
混合所有制
diversified（mixed）ownership
货币政策态势
monetary policy stance
货款拖欠
overdue obligations to suppliers
J
基本建设投资
investment in infrastructure
基本经济要素
economic fundamentals
基本适度
broadly appropriate
经济金融术语汉英对照表（表二）
所有者权益
owner's equity
T
逃税（请见“避税”）
tax evasion
套汇
（1）指合法：currency swap;arbitrage（2）指非法：illegal purchase of foreign exchange
剔除季节性因素
seasonally adjusted
调节流动性
to influence liquidity level
贴现窗口
discount window
同比
on year-on-year basis;over the same period of the previous year
同业拆借（放）
inter-bank borrowing（lending）
同业拆借市场利率（中国）
CHIBOR（China inter-bank offered rate）
同业融通票据
inter-bank financing bills
同业往来
inter-bank transactions
透支
overdraft
退税
tax refund（rebate）
头寸
position
吞吐基础货币
adjustment of monetary base
脱媒现象
disintermediation
W
外部审计
external audit
外国直接投资
foreign direct investment （FDI）
外汇储备
foreign exchange reserves
外汇调剂
foreign exchange swap
外汇占款
the RMB counterpart of foreign exchange reserves;the RMB equivalent of offcial foreign exchange holdings
外向型经济
export-oriented economy
外债
external debt
外资企业
foreign-funded enterprises
完善现代企业制度
to improve the modern enterprise system
完税凭证
tax payment documentation
违法经营
illegal business
委托存款
entrusted deposits
稳步增长
steady growth
稳健的银行系统
a sound banking system
稳中求进
to make progress while ensuring stability
无纸交易
book-entry（or paperless/scriptless）transaction
物价监测
price monitoring
X
吸纳流动性
to absorb liquidity
稀缺经济
scarcity economy
洗钱
money laundering
系统内调度
fund allocation within a bank
系统性金融危机
systemic financial crisis
下岗工人
laid-off employees
下游企业
down-stream enterprises
现场稽核
on-site examination
现金滞留（居民手中）
cash held outside the banking system
乡镇企业
township and village enterprises（TVEs）
消费物价指数
consumer price index（CPI）
消费税
excise（consumption）tax
消灭财政赤字
to balance the budget;to eliminate fiscal deficit
销货款回笼
reflow of corporate sales income to the banking system
销售平淡
lackluster sales
协议外资金额
committed amount of foreign investment
新经济增长点
new sources of economic growth
新开工项目
new projects;newly started projects
新增贷款
incremental credit; loan increment; credit growth; credit expansion
新增就业位置
new jobs;new job opportunities
信贷规模考核
review the compliance with credit ceilings
信号失真
distorted signals
信托投资公司
trust and investment companies
信息不对称
information asymmetry
信息反馈
feedback（information）
信息共享系统
information sharing system
信息披露
information disclosure
信用扩张
credir expansion
信用评级
credit rating
姓“资”还是姓“社”
pertaining to socialism or capitalism;socialist orcaptialist
行政措施
administrative measures
需求膨胀
demand expansion; excessive demand
虚伪存款
window-dressing deposits
削减冗员
to shed excess labor force
寻租
rent seeking
迅速反弹
quick rebound
Y
养老基金
pension fund
一刀切
universal application;non-discretionary implementation
一级市场
primary market
应收未收利息
overdue interest
银行网点
banking outlets
赢利能力
profitability
营业税
business tax
硬贷款（商业贷款）
commercial loans
用地审批
to grant land use right
有管理的浮动汇率
managed floating exchange rate
证券投资
portfolio investment
游资（热钱）
hot money
有市场的产品
marketable products
有效供给
effective supply
诱发新一轮经济扩张
trigger a new round of economic expansion
逾期贷款
overdue loans;past-due loans
与国际惯例接轨
to become compatible with internationally accepted
与国际市场接轨
to integrate with the world market
预算外支出（收入）
off-budget （extra-budgetary） expenditure（revenue）
预调
pre-emptive adjustment
月环比
on a month-on-month basis; on a monthly basis
Z
再贷款
central bank lending
在国际金融机构储备头寸
reserve position in international financial institutions
在人行存款
deposits at （with） the central bank
在途资金
fund in float
增加农业投入
to increase investment in agriculture
增势减缓
deceleration of growth;moderation of growthmomentum
增收节支措施
revenue-enhancing and expenditure control measures
增长平稳
steady growth
增值税
value-added tax（VAT）
涨幅偏高
higher-than-desirable growth rate;excessive growth
账外账
concealed accounts
折旧
depreciation
整顿
retrenchment;consolidation
政策工具
policy instrument
政策性业务
policy-related operations
政策性银行
policy banks
政策组合
policy mix
政府干预
government intervention
证券交易清算
settlement of securities transactions
证券业务占款
funding of securities purchase
支付困难
payment difficulty
支付能力
payment capacity
直接调控方式向
to increase the reliance on indirect policy instruments
间接调控方式转变职能转换
transformation of functions
职业道德
professional ethics
指令性措施
mandatory measures
指令性计划
mandatory plan;administered plan
制定和实施货币政策
to conduct monetary policy;to formulate and implement monetary policy
滞后影响
lagged effect
中介机构
intermediaries
中央与地方财政
delineation of fiscal responsibilities
分灶吃饭重点建设
key construction projects;key investment project
周期谷底
bottom（trough）of business cycle
周转速度
velocity
主办银行
main bank
主权风险
sovereign risk
注册资本
registered capital
逐步到位
to phase in;phased implementation
逐步取消
to phase out
抓大放小
to seize the big and free the small（to maintain close oversight on the large state-ownedenterprises and subject smaller ones to market competition）
专款专用
use of funds as ear-marked
转贷
on-lending
转轨经济
transition economy
转机
turnaround
转折关头
turning point
准财政赤字
quasi-fiscal deficit
准货币
quasi-money
资本不足
under-capitalized
资本充足率
capital adequacy ratio
资本利润率
return on capital
资本账户可兑换
capital account convertibility
资不抵债
insolvent;insolvency
资产负债表
balance sheet
资产负债率
liability/asset ratio;ratio of liabilities to assets
资产集中
asset concentration
资产贡献率
asset contribution factor
资产利润率
return on assets （ROA）
资产质量
asset quality
资产组合
asset portfolio
资金成本
cost of funding;cost of capital;financing cost
资金到位
fully funded （project）
资金宽裕
to have sufficient funds
资金利用率
fund utilization rate
资金缺口
financing gap
资金体外循环
financial disintermediation
资金占压
funds tied up
自筹投资项目
self-financed projects
自有资金
equity fund
综合国力
overall national strength（often measured by GDP）
综合效益指标
overall efficiency indicator
综合治理
comprehensive adjustmen（retrenchment）;over-haul
总成交额
total contract value
总交易量
total amount of transactions
总成本
total cost
所有者权益
owner's equity
T
逃税（请见“避税”）
tax evasion
套汇
（1）指合法：currency swap;arbitrage（2）指非法：illegal purchase of foreign exchange
剔除季节性因素
seasonally adjusted
调节流动性
to influence liquidity level
贴现窗口
discount window
同比
on year-on-year basis;over the same period of the previous year
同业拆借（放）
inter-bank borrowing（lending）
经济金融术语汉英对照表（表三）
基准利率
benchmark interest rate
机关团体存款
deposits of non-profit institutions
机会成本
opportunity cost
激励机制
incentive mechanism
积压严重
heavy stockpile;excessive inventory
挤提存款
run on banks
挤占挪用
unwarranted diversion of（financial）resources（from designated uses）
技改投资
investment in technological upgrading
技术密集型产品
technology-intensive product
计划单列市
municipalities with independent planning status
计划经济
planned economy
集体经济
the collective sector
加大结构调整力度
to intensify structural adjustment
加工贸易
processing trade
加快态势
accelerating trend
加强税收征管稽查
to enhance tax administration
加权价
weighted average price
价格放开
price liberalization
价格形成机制
pricing mechanism
减亏
to reduce losses
简化手续
to cut red tape;to simplify（streamline）procedures
交投活跃
brisk trading
缴存准备金
to deposit required reserves
结构扭曲
structural distortion
结构失调
structural imbalance
结构性矛盾突出
acute structural imbalance
结构优化
structural improvement（optimization）
结汇、售汇
sale and purchase of foreign exchange
金融脆弱
financial fragility
金融动荡
financial turbulence
金融风波
financial disturbance
金融恐慌
financial panic
金融危机
financial crisis
金融压抑
financial repression
金融衍生物
financial derivatives
金融诈骗
financial fraud
紧缩银根
to tighten monetary policy
紧缩政策
austerity policies;tight financial policies
经常账户可兑换
current account convertibility
经济特区
special economic zones（SEZs）
经济体制改革
economic reform
经济增长方式的转变
change in the main source of economic growth（from investment expansion to efficiency gains）
经济增长减速
economic slowdown;moderation in economic growth
经济制裁
economic sanction
经营自主权
autonomy in management
景气回升
recovery in business activity
境外投资
overseas investment
竞争加剧
intensifying competition
局部性金融风波
localized（isolated）financial disturbance
K
开办人民币业务
to engage in RMB business
可维持（可持续）经济增长
sustainable economic growth
可变成本
variable cost
可自由兑换货币
freely convertible currency
控制现金投放
control currency issuance
扣除物价因素
in real terms;on inflation-adjusted basis
库存产品
inventory
跨国银行业务
cross-border banking
跨年度采购
cross-year procurement
会计准则
accounting standard
L
来料加工
processing of imported materials for export
离岸银行业务
off-shore banking（business）
理顺外贸体制
to rationalize foreign trade regime
利率杠杆的调节作用
the role of interest rates in resource allocation
利润驱动
profit-driven
利息回收率
interest collection ratio
联行清算
inter-bank settlement
连锁企业
franchise（businesses）;chain businesses
良性循环
virtuous cycle
两极分化
growing income disparity;polarization in income distribution
零售物价指数
retail price index（RPI）
流动性比例
liquidity ratio
流动资产周转率/流通速度
velocity of liquid assets
流动资金贷款
working capital loans
流通体制
distribution system
流通网络
distribution network
留购（租赁期满时承租人可购买租赁物）
hire purchase
垄断行业
monopolized industry（sector）
乱集资
irregular（illegal）fund raising
乱收费
irregular（illegal）charges
乱摊派
unjustified（arbitrary）levies
M
买方市场
buyer's market
卖方市场
seller's market
卖出回购证券
matched sale of repo
贸易差额
trade balance
民间信用
non-institutionalized credit
免二减三
exemption of income tax for the first two years ofmaking profit and 50% tax reduction for thefollowing three years
明补
explicit subsidy
明亏
explicit loss
名牌产品
brand products
母国（请见“东道国”）
home country
N
内部控制
internal control
内部审计
internal audit
内地与香港
the mainland and Hong Kong
内债
domestic debt
扭亏为盈
to turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one
扭曲金融分配
distorted allocation of financial resources
农副产品采购支出
outlays for agricultural procurement
农村信用社
rural credit cooperatives（RCCs）
P
泡沫效应
bubble effect
泡沫经济
bubble economy
培育新的经济增长点
to tap new sources of economic growth
片面追求发展速度
excessive pursuit of growth
平衡发展
balanced development
瓶颈制约
bottleneck（constraints）
平稳回升
steady recovery
铺底流动资金
initial（start-up）working capital
普遍回升
broad-based recovery
配套改革
concomitant（supporting）reforms
配套人民币资金
local currency funding of…
Q
企业办社会
enterprises burdened with social responsibilities
企业集团战略
corporate group strategy
企业兼并重组
company merger and restructuring
企业领导班子
enterprise management
企业所得税
enterprise（corporate）income tax
企业效益
corporate profitability
企业资金违规流入股市
irregular flow of enterprise funds into the stock market
欠税
tax arrears
欠息
overdue interest
强化税收征管
to strengthen tax administration
强制措施
enforcement action
翘尾因素
carryover effect
切一刀
partial application
清理收回贷款
clean up and recover loans
（破产）清算
liquidation
倾斜政策
preferential policy
区别对待
differential treatment
趋势加强
intensifying trend
全球化
globalization
权益回报率
returns on equity（ROE）
缺乏后劲
unsustainable momentum
R
绕规模贷款
to circumvent credit ceiling
人均国内生产总值
per capita GDP
人均收入
per capita income
人民币升值压力
upward pressure on the Renminbi（exchange rate）
认缴资本
subscribed capital
软贷款
soft loans
软预算约束
soft budget constraint
软着陆
soft landing
S
三角债
chain debts;inter-enterprise arrears
善政廉政
good governance
商业贷款
commercial loans
上市公司
（publicly）listed corporations
设备利用
capacity utilization
社会保障
social safety net;social security（insurance）
深层次矛盾
deep-rooted structural imbalance
审批金融机构
to license financial institutions
审慎监管
prudential supervision
生产能力闲置
unutilized capacity
生息资产
interest-bearing assets
实际利用外资
disbursement of foreign capital;actual inflow of foreign investment
实际有效汇率
real effective exchange rate
实时
real time
实收资本
paid-in capital
实现利润
realized profit
市场分割
market segmentation
市场经济
market economy
市场占有率（市场份额）
market share
市场准入
market access（指商品和劳务的进入）；market entry（指机构的审批）
市价总值
market capitalization
适度从紧
appropriately tight
适时调节
timely adjustment
收回对金融机构贷款
to recall central bank loans （to financial institutions）
税后还贷
amortization（repayment of loans）after tax
税收流失
tax erosion
税源不足
weak tax base
私营经济（私人经济）
the private sector
私有制
private ownership
经济金融术语汉英对照表（表四）
同业拆借市场利率（中国）
CHIBOR（China inter-bank offered rate）
同业融通票据
inter-bank financing bills
同业往来
inter-bank transactions
透支
overdraft
退税
tax refund（rebate）
头寸
position
吞吐基础货币
adjustment of monetary base
脱媒现象
disintermediation
W
外部审计
external audit
外国直接投资
foreign direct investment （FDI）
外汇储备
foreign exchange reserves
外汇调剂
foreign exchange swap
外汇占款
the RMB counterpart of foreign exchange reserves;the RMB equivalent of offcial foreign exchange holdings
外向型经济
export-oriented economy
外债
external debt
外资企业
foreign-funded enterprises
完善现代企业制度
to improve the modern enterprise system
完税凭证
tax payment documentation
违法经营
illegal business
委托存款
entrusted deposits
稳步增长
steady growth
稳健的银行系统
a sound banking system
稳中求进
to make progress while ensuring stability
无纸交易
book-entry（or paperless/scriptless）transaction
物价监测
price monitoring
X
吸纳流动性
to absorb liquidity
稀缺经济
scarcity economy
洗钱
money laundering
系统内调度
fund allocation within a bank
系统性金融危机
systemic financial crisis
下岗工人
laid-off employees
下游企业
down-stream enterprises
现场稽核
on-site examination
现金滞留（居民手中）
cash held outside the banking system
乡镇企业
township and village enterprises（TVEs）
消费物价指数
consumer price index（CPI）
消费税
excise（consumption）tax
消灭财政赤字
to balance the budget;to eliminate fiscal deficit
销货款回笼
reflow of corporate sales income to the banking system
销售平淡
lackluster sales
协议外资金额
committed amount of foreign investment
新经济增长点
new sources of economic growth
新开工项目
new projects;newly started projects
新增贷款
incremental credit; loan increment; credit growth; credit expansion
新增就业位置
new jobs;new job opportunities
信贷规模考核
review the compliance with credit ceilings
信号失真
distorted signals
信托投资公司
trust and investment companies
信息不对称
information asymmetry
信息反馈
feedback（information）
信息共享系统
information sharing system
信息披露
information disclosure
信用扩张
credir expansion
信用评级
credit rating
姓“资”还是姓“社”
pertaining to socialism or capitalism;socialist orcaptialist
行政措施
administrative measures
需求膨胀
demand expansion; excessive demand
虚伪存款
window-dressing deposits
削减冗员
to shed excess labor force
寻租
rent seeking
迅速反弹
quick rebound
Y
养老基金
pension fund
一刀切
universal application;non-discretionary implementation
一级市场
primary market
应收未收利息
overdue interest
银行网点
banking outlets
赢利能力
profitability
营业税
business tax
硬贷款（商业贷款）
commercial loans
用地审批
to grant land use right
有管理的浮动汇率
managed floating exchange rate
证券投资
portfolio investment
游资（热钱）
hot money
有市场的产品
marketable products
有效供给
effective supply
诱发新一轮经济扩张
trigger a new round of economic expansion
逾期贷款
overdue loans;past-due loans
与国际惯例接轨
to become compatible with internationally accepted
与国际市场接轨
to integrate with the world market
预算外支出（收入）
off-budget （extra-budgetary） expenditure（revenue）
预调
pre-emptive adjustment
月环比
on a month-on-month basis; on a monthly basis
Z
再贷款
central bank lending
在国际金融机构储备头寸
reserve position in international financial institutions
在人行存款
deposits at （with） the central bank
在途资金
fund in float
增加农业投入
to increase investment in agriculture
增势减缓
deceleration of growth;moderation of growthmomentum
增收节支措施
revenue-enhancing and expenditure control measures
增长平稳
steady growth
增值税
value-added tax（VAT）
涨幅偏高
higher-than-desirable growth rate;excessive growth
账外账
concealed accounts
折旧
depreciation
整顿
retrenchment;consolidation
政策工具
policy instrument
政策性业务
policy-related operations
政策性银行
policy banks
政策组合
policy mix
政府干预
government intervention
证券交易清算
settlement of securities transactions
证券业务占款
funding of securities purchase
支付困难
payment difficulty
支付能力
payment capacity
直接调控方式向
to increase the reliance on indirect policy instruments
间接调控方式转变职能转换
transformation of functions
职业道德
professional ethics
指令性措施
mandatory measures
指令性计划
mandatory plan;administered plan
制定和实施货币政策
to conduct monetary policy;to formulate and implement monetary policy
滞后影响
lagged effect
中介机构
intermediaries
中央与地方财政
delineation of fiscal responsibilities
分灶吃饭重点建设
key construction projects;key investment project
周期谷底
bottom（trough）of business cycle
周转速度
velocity
主办银行
main bank
主权风险
sovereign risk
注册资本
registered capital
逐步到位
to phase in;phased implementation
逐步取消
to phase out
抓大放小
to seize the big and free the small（to maintain close oversight on the large state-ownedenterprises and subject smaller ones to market competition）
专款专用
use of funds as ear-marked
转贷
on-lending
转轨经济
transition economy
转机
turnaround
转折关头
turning point
准财政赤字
quasi-fiscal deficit
准货币
quasi-money
资本不足
under-capitalized
资本充足率
capital adequacy ratio
资本利润率
return on capital
资本账户可兑换
capital account convertibility
资不抵债
insolvent;insolvency
资产负债表
balance sheet
资产负债率
liability/asset ratio;ratio of liabilities to assets
资产集中
asset concentration
资产贡献率
asset contribution factor
资产利润率
return on assets （ROA）
资产质量
asset quality
资产组合
asset portfolio
资金成本
cost of funding;cost of capital;financing cost
资金到位
fully funded （project）
资金宽裕
to have sufficient funds
资金利用率
fund utilization rate
资金缺口
financing gap
资金体外循环
financial disintermediation
资金占压
funds tied up
自筹投资项目
self-financed projects
自有资金
equity fund
综合国力
overall national strength（often measured by GDP）
综合效益指标
overall efficiency indicator
综合治理
comprehensive adjustment（retrenchment）;over-haul
总成交额
total contract value
总交易量
total amount of transactions
总成本
total cost
最后贷款人
lender of last resort
最后贷款人
lender of last resort
文 号：银办发[1998]26号
颁布时间：03/25/1998
实施时间：03/25/1998
效力状态：有效
总行各司局、外汇管理局，中国人民银行各省、自治区、直辖市分行，深圳经济特区分行：
为更好的适应对外金融交往的需要，准确把握一些重要的汉英宏观经济金融术语的内涵，现印发已编译出的汉英经济金融术语汇编，供你们在工作和学习时使用。
中国人民银行办公厅
一九九八年三月二十五日
附：
经济金融术语汉英对照表（表一）
A
安全网
safety net
按可比口径
on comparable basis
按轻重缓急
to prioritize
暗补
implicit subsidy
暗亏
hidden loss
B
颁发营业执照
to license;to grant a licence to
办理存款业务
to take deposits
保护农民的生产积极性
to protect farmers'incentive to produce
备付金（超额准备金）
excess reserves
本外币并账
consolidation of domestic and foreign currencyaccounts
本外币对冲操作
sterilization operation
本位利益
localized interest;departmentalism
奔小康
to strive to prosper;to strive to become well-to-do
避税（请见“逃税”）
tax avoidance
币种搭配不当
currency mismatch
币种构成
currency composition
变相社会集资
disguised irregular（or illegal） fund raising
表外科目（业务）
off-balance-sheet items（operation）
薄弱环节
weaknesses;loopholes
不变成本
fixed cost
不变价
at constant price;in real terms
不动产
real estate
不良贷款（资产）
problem loans；non-performing loans（assets）
C
财务公司
finance companies
财政赤字
fiscal deficit
财政挤银行
fiscal pressure on the central bank（over monetary policy）
财政政策与货币政策的配合
coordination of fiscal and monetary policies
采取循序渐进的方法
in a phased and sequenced manner
操作弹性
operational flexibility
操纵汇率
to manipulate exchange rate
产品构成
product composition;product mix
产品积压
stock pile;excessive inventory
产销率
current period inventory;（即期库存，不含前期库存）sales/output ratio
产销衔接
marketability
产业政策
industrial policy
长期国债
treasury bonds
敞口头寸
open position
炒股
to speculate in the stock market
承购包销
underwrite（securities）
成套机电产品
complete sets of equipment;complete plant（s）
城市信用社
urban credit cooperatives（UCCs）
城市合作银行
urban cooperative banks;municipal united banks
城市商业银行
municipal commercial banks
城乡居民收入增长超过物价涨幅
real growth in household income
持续升温
persistent overheating
重复布点
duplicate projects
重置成本
replacement cost
重组计划
restructuring plan
筹资渠道
funding sources;financing channels
初见成效
initial success
出口统一管理、归口经营
canalization of exports
出口退税
export tax rebate
储蓄存款
household deposits（不完全等同于西方savingsdeposits，前者包括活期存款，后者不包括。）
储蓄分流
diversion of household deposits
储源萎缩
decline in the availability of household savings
传导机制
transmission mechanism
从价税
ad valorem tax
从紧控制
tight control
存贷款比例
loan/deposit ratio
存款保险体系
deposit insurance system
存款货币银行
deposit money banks
存款准备金
required reserves
D
打白条
issue IOU
大额存单
certificate of deposit（CD）
大额提现
withdraw deposits in large amounts
大面积滑坡
wide-spread decline
大一统的银行体制
（all-in-one）mono-bank system
呆账（请见“坏账”）
bad loans
呆账准备金
loan loss reserves（provisions）
呆滞贷款
idle loans
贷款沉淀
non-performing loans
贷款分类
loan classification
贷款限额管理
credit control;to impose credit ceiling
贷款约束机制
credit disciplinary（constraint）mechanism
代理国库
to act as fiscal agent
代理金融机构贷款
make loans on behalf of other institutions
戴帽贷款
ear-marked loans
倒逼机制
reversed transmission of the pressure for easing monetary condition
道德风险
moral hazard
地区差别
regional disparity
第一产业
the primary industry
第二产业
the secondary industry
第三产业
the service industry;the tertiary industry
递延资产
deferrable assets
订货不足
insufficient orders
定期存款
time deposits
定向募集
raising funds from targeted sources
东道国（请见“母国”）
host country
独立核算
independent accounting
短期国债
treasury bills
对冲操作
sterilization operation;hedging
对非金融部门债权
claims on non-financial sector
多种所有制形式
diversified ownership
E
恶性通货膨胀
hyperinflation
二级市场
secondary market
F
发行货币
to issue currency
发行总股本
total stock issue
法定准备金
required reserves;reserve requirement
法人股
institutional shares
法人股东
institutional shareholders
法治
rule of law
房地产投资
real estate investment
放松银根
to ease monetary policy
非现场稽核
off-site surveillance（or monitoring）
非银行金融机构
non-bank financial institutions
非赢利性机构
non-profit organizations
分税制
assignment of central and local taxes;tax assignment system
分业经营
segregation of financial busines（services）;division of business scope based on the type of financial institutions
风险暴露（风险敞口）
risk exposure
风险管理
risk management
风险意识
risk awareness
风险资本比例
risk-weighted capital ratios
风险资本标准
risk-based capital standard
服务事业收入
public service charges;user's charges
扶贫
poverty alleviation
负增长
negative growth
复式预算制
double-entry budgeting;capital and current budgetary account
G
改革试点
reform experimentation
杠杆率
leverage ratio
杠杆收购
leveraged buyout
高息集资
to raise funds by offering high interest
个人股
non-institutional shares
根本扭转
fundamental turnaround（or reversal）
公开市场操作
open market operations
公款私存
deposit public funds in personal accounts
公用事业
public utilities
公有经济
the state-owned sector;the public sector
公有制
public ownership
工业成本利润率
profit-to-cost ratio
工业增加值
industrial value added
供大于求
supply exceeding demand;excessive supply
鼓励措施
incentives
股份合作企业
joint-equity cooperative enterprises
股份制企业
joint-equity enterprises
股份制银行
joint-equity banks
固定资产贷款
fixed asset loans
关税减免
tariff reduction and exemption
关税减让
tariff concessions
关税优惠
tariff incentives;preferential tariff treatment
规范行为
to regularize（or standardize）…behavior
规模效益
economies of scale
国计民生
national interest and people's livelihood
国家对个人其他支出
other government outlays to individuals
国家风险
country risk
国际分工
international division of labor
国际收支
balance of payments
国有独资商业银行
wholly state-owned commercial banks
国有经济（部门）
the state-owned（or public）sector
国有企业
state-owned enterprises（SOEs）
国有制
state-ownership
国有资产流失
erosion of state assets
国债回购
government securities repurchase
国债一级自营商
primary underwriters of government securities
过度竞争
excessive competition
过度膨胀
excessive expansion
过热迹象
signs of overheating
H
合理预期
rational expectation
核心资本
core capital
合资企业
joint-venture enterprises
红利
dividend
宏观经济运营良好
sound macroeconomic performance
宏观经济基本状况
macroeconomic fundamentals
宏观调控
macroeconomic management（or adjustment）
宏观调控目标
macroeconomic objectives（or targets）
坏账
bad debt
还本付息
debt service
换汇成本
unit export cost;local currency cost of export earnings
汇兑在途
funds in float
汇兑支出
advance payment of remittance by the beneficiary's bank
汇率并轨
unification of exchange rates
活期存款
demand deposits
汇率失调
exchange rate misalignment
混合所有制
diversified（mixed）ownership
货币政策态势
monetary policy stance
货款拖欠
overdue obligations to suppliers
J
基本建设投资
investment in infrastructure
基本经济要素
economic fundamentals
基本适度
broadly appropriate
经济金融术语汉英对照表（表二）
所有者权益
owner's equity
T
逃税（请见“避税”）
tax evasion
套汇
（1）指合法：currency swap;arbitrage（2）指非法：illegal purchase of foreign exchange
剔除季节性因素
seasonally adjusted
调节流动性
to influence liquidity level
贴现窗口
discount window
同比
on year-on-year basis;over the same period of the previous year
同业拆借（放）
inter-bank borrowing（lending）
同业拆借市场利率（中国）
CHIBOR（China inter-bank offered rate）
同业融通票据
inter-bank financing bills
同业往来
inter-bank transactions
透支
overdraft
退税
tax refund（rebate）
头寸
position
吞吐基础货币
adjustment of monetary base
脱媒现象
disintermediation
W
外部审计
external audit
外国直接投资
foreign direct investment （FDI）
外汇储备
foreign exchange reserves
外汇调剂
foreign exchange swap
外汇占款
the RMB counterpart of foreign exchange reserves;the RMB equivalent of offcial foreign exchange holdings
外向型经济
export-oriented economy
外债
external debt
外资企业
foreign-funded enterprises
完善现代企业制度
to improve the modern enterprise system
完税凭证
tax payment documentation
违法经营
illegal business
委托存款
entrusted deposits
稳步增长
steady growth
稳健的银行系统
a sound banking system
稳中求进
to make progress while ensuring stability
无纸交易
book-entry（or paperless/scriptless）transaction
物价监测
price monitoring
X
吸纳流动性
to absorb liquidity
稀缺经济
scarcity economy
洗钱
money laundering
系统内调度
fund allocation within a bank
系统性金融危机
systemic financial crisis
下岗工人
laid-off employees
下游企业
down-stream enterprises
现场稽核
on-site examination
现金滞留（居民手中）
cash held outside the banking system
乡镇企业
township and village enterprises（TVEs）
消费物价指数
consumer price index（CPI）
消费税
excise（consumption）tax
消灭财政赤字
to balance the budget;to eliminate fiscal deficit
销货款回笼
reflow of corporate sales income to the banking system
销售平淡
lackluster sales
协议外资金额
committed amount of foreign investment
新经济增长点
new sources of economic growth
新开工项目
new projects;newly started projects
新增贷款
incremental credit; loan increment; credit growth; credit expansion
新增就业位置
new jobs;new job opportunities
信贷规模考核
review the compliance with credit ceilings
信号失真
distorted signals
信托投资公司
trust and investment companies
信息不对称
information asymmetry
信息反馈
feedback（information）
信息共享系统
information sharing system
信息披露
information disclosure
信用扩张
credir expansion
信用评级
credit rating
姓“资”还是姓“社”
pertaining to socialism or capitalism;socialist orcaptialist
行政措施
administrative measures
需求膨胀
demand expansion; excessive demand
虚伪存款
window-dressing deposits
削减冗员
to shed excess labor force
寻租
rent seeking
迅速反弹
quick rebound
Y
养老基金
pension fund
一刀切
universal application;non-discretionary implementation
一级市场
primary market
应收未收利息
overdue interest
银行网点
banking outlets
赢利能力
profitability
营业税
business tax
硬贷款（商业贷款）
commercial loans
用地审批
to grant land use right
有管理的浮动汇率
managed floating exchange rate
证券投资
portfolio investment
游资（热钱）
hot money
有市场的产品
marketable products
有效供给
effective supply
诱发新一轮经济扩张
trigger a new round of economic expansion
逾期贷款
overdue loans;past-due loans
与国际惯例接轨
to become compatible with internationally accepted
与国际市场接轨
to integrate with the world market
预算外支出（收入）
off-budget （extra-budgetary） expenditure（revenue）
预调
pre-emptive adjustment
月环比
on a month-on-month basis; on a monthly basis
Z
再贷款
central bank lending
在国际金融机构储备头寸
reserve position in international financial institutions
在人行存款
deposits at （with） the central bank
在途资金
fund in float
增加农业投入
to increase investment in agriculture
增势减缓
deceleration of growth;moderation of growthmomentum
增收节支措施
revenue-enhancing and expenditure control measures
增长平稳
steady growth
增值税
value-added tax（VAT）
涨幅偏高
higher-than-desirable growth rate;excessive growth
账外账
concealed accounts
折旧
depreciation
整顿
retrenchment;consolidation
政策工具
policy instrument
政策性业务
policy-related operations
政策性银行
policy banks
政策组合
policy mix
政府干预
government intervention
证券交易清算
settlement of securities transactions
证券业务占款
funding of securities purchase
支付困难
payment difficulty
支付能力
payment capacity
直接调控方式向
to increase the reliance on indirect policy instruments
间接调控方式转变职能转换
transformation of functions
职业道德
professional ethics
指令性措施
mandatory measures
指令性计划
mandatory plan;administered plan
制定和实施货币政策
to conduct monetary policy;to formulate and implement monetary policy
滞后影响
lagged effect
中介机构
intermediaries
中央与地方财政
delineation of fiscal responsibilities
分灶吃饭重点建设
key construction projects;key investment project
周期谷底
bottom（trough）of business cycle
周转速度
velocity
主办银行
main bank
主权风险
sovereign risk
注册资本
registered capital
逐步到位
to phase in;phased implementation
逐步取消
to phase out
抓大放小
to seize the big and free the small（to maintain close oversight on the large state-ownedenterprises and subject smaller ones to market competition）
专款专用
use of funds as ear-marked
转贷
on-lending
转轨经济
transition economy
转机
turnaround
转折关头
turning point
准财政赤字
quasi-fiscal deficit
准货币
quasi-money
资本不足
under-capitalized
资本充足率
capital adequacy ratio
资本利润率
return on capital
资本账户可兑换
capital account convertibility
资不抵债
insolvent;insolvency
资产负债表
balance sheet
资产负债率
liability/asset ratio;ratio of liabilities to assets
资产集中
asset concentration
资产贡献率
asset contribution factor
资产利润率
return on assets （ROA）
资产质量
asset quality
资产组合
asset portfolio
资金成本
cost of funding;cost of capital;financing cost
资金到位
fully funded （project）
资金宽裕
to have sufficient funds
资金利用率
fund utilization rate
资金缺口
financing gap
资金体外循环
financial disintermediation
资金占压
funds tied up
自筹投资项目
self-financed projects
自有资金
equity fund
综合国力
overall national strength（often measured by GDP）
综合效益指标
overall efficiency indicator
综合治理
comprehensive adjustmen（retrenchment）;over-haul
总成交额
total contract value
总交易量
total amount of transactions
总成本
total cost
所有者权益
owner's equity
T
逃税（请见“避税”）
tax evasion
套汇
（1）指合法：currency swap;arbitrage（2）指非法：illegal purchase of foreign exchange
剔除季节性因素
seasonally adjusted
调节流动性
to influence liquidity level
贴现窗口
discount window
同比
on year-on-year basis;over the same period of the previous year
同业拆借（放）
inter-bank borrowing（lending）
经济金融术语汉英对照表（表三）
基准利率
benchmark interest rate
机关团体存款
deposits of non-profit institutions
机会成本
opportunity cost
激励机制
incentive mechanism
积压严重
heavy stockpile;excessive inventory
挤提存款
run on banks
挤占挪用
unwarranted diversion of（financial）resources（from designated uses）
技改投资
investment in technological upgrading
技术密集型产品
technology-intensive product
计划单列市
municipalities with independent planning status
计划经济
planned economy
集体经济
the collective sector
加大结构调整力度
to intensify structural adjustment
加工贸易
processing trade
加快态势
accelerating trend
加强税收征管稽查
to enhance tax administration
加权价
weighted average price
价格放开
price liberalization
价格形成机制
pricing mechanism
减亏
to reduce losses
简化手续
to cut red tape;to simplify（streamline）procedures
交投活跃
brisk trading
缴存准备金
to deposit required reserves
结构扭曲
structural distortion
结构失调
structural imbalance
结构性矛盾突出
acute structural imbalance
结构优化
structural improvement（optimization）
结汇、售汇
sale and purchase of foreign exchange
金融脆弱
financial fragility
金融动荡
financial turbulence
金融风波
financial disturbance
金融恐慌
financial panic
金融危机
financial crisis
金融压抑
financial repression
金融衍生物
financial derivatives
金融诈骗
financial fraud
紧缩银根
to tighten monetary policy
紧缩政策
austerity policies;tight financial policies
经常账户可兑换
current account convertibility
经济特区
special economic zones（SEZs）
经济体制改革
economic reform
经济增长方式的转变
change in the main source of economic growth（from investment expansion to efficiency gains）
经济增长减速
economic slowdown;moderation in economic growth
经济制裁
economic sanction
经营自主权
autonomy in management
景气回升
recovery in business activity
境外投资
overseas investment
竞争加剧
intensifying competition
局部性金融风波
localized（isolated）financial disturbance
K
开办人民币业务
to engage in RMB business
可维持（可持续）经济增长
sustainable economic growth
可变成本
variable cost
可自由兑换货币
freely convertible currency
控制现金投放
control currency issuance
扣除物价因素
in real terms;on inflation-adjusted basis
库存产品
inventory
跨国银行业务
cross-border banking
跨年度采购
cross-year procurement
会计准则
accounting standard
L
来料加工
processing of imported materials for export
离岸银行业务
off-shore banking（business）
理顺外贸体制
to rationalize foreign trade regime
利率杠杆的调节作用
the role of interest rates in resource allocation
利润驱动
profit-driven
利息回收率
interest collection ratio
联行清算
inter-bank settlement
连锁企业
franchise（businesses）;chain businesses
良性循环
virtuous cycle
两极分化
growing income disparity;polarization in income distribution
零售物价指数
retail price index（RPI）
流动性比例
liquidity ratio
流动资产周转率/流通速度
velocity of liquid assets
流动资金贷款
working capital loans
流通体制
distribution system
流通网络
distribution network
留购（租赁期满时承租人可购买租赁物）
hire purchase
垄断行业
monopolized industry（sector）
乱集资
irregular（illegal）fund raising
乱收费
irregular（illegal）charges
乱摊派
unjustified（arbitrary）levies
M
买方市场
buyer's market
卖方市场
seller's market
卖出回购证券
matched sale of repo
贸易差额
trade balance
民间信用
non-institutionalized credit
免二减三
exemption of income tax for the first two years ofmaking profit and 50% tax reduction for thefollowing three years
明补
explicit subsidy
明亏
explicit loss
名牌产品
brand products
母国（请见“东道国”）
home country
N
内部控制
internal control
内部审计
internal audit
内地与香港
the mainland and Hong Kong
内债
domestic debt
扭亏为盈
to turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one
扭曲金融分配
distorted allocation of financial resources
农副产品采购支出
outlays for agricultural procurement
农村信用社
rural credit cooperatives（RCCs）
P
泡沫效应
bubble effect
泡沫经济
bubble economy
培育新的经济增长点
to tap new sources of economic growth
片面追求发展速度
excessive pursuit of growth
平衡发展
balanced development
瓶颈制约
bottleneck（constraints）
平稳回升
steady recovery
铺底流动资金
initial（start-up）working capital
普遍回升
broad-based recovery
配套改革
concomitant（supporting）reforms
配套人民币资金
local currency funding of…
Q
企业办社会
enterprises burdened with social responsibilities
企业集团战略
corporate group strategy
企业兼并重组
company merger and restructuring
企业领导班子
enterprise management
企业所得税
enterprise（corporate）income tax
企业效益
corporate profitability
企业资金违规流入股市
irregular flow of enterprise funds into the stock market
欠税
tax arrears
欠息
overdue interest
强化税收征管
to strengthen tax administration
强制措施
enforcement action
翘尾因素
carryover effect
切一刀
partial application
清理收回贷款
clean up and recover loans
（破产）清算
liquidation
倾斜政策
preferential policy
区别对待
differential treatment
趋势加强
intensifying trend
全球化
globalization
权益回报率
returns on equity（ROE）
缺乏后劲
unsustainable momentum
R
绕规模贷款
to circumvent credit ceiling
人均国内生产总值
per capita GDP
人均收入
per capita income
人民币升值压力
upward pressure on the Renminbi（exchange rate）
认缴资本
subscribed capital
软贷款
soft loans
软预算约束
soft budget constraint
软着陆
soft landing
S
三角债
chain debts;inter-enterprise arrears
善政廉政
good governance
商业贷款
commercial loans
上市公司
（publicly）listed corporations
设备利用
capacity utilization
社会保障
social safety net;social security（insurance）
深层次矛盾
deep-rooted structural imbalance
审批金融机构
to license financial institutions
审慎监管
prudential supervision
生产能力闲置
unutilized capacity
生息资产
interest-bearing assets
实际利用外资
disbursement of foreign capital;actual inflow of foreign investment
实际有效汇率
real effective exchange rate
实时
real time
实收资本
paid-in capital
实现利润
realized profit
市场分割
market segmentation
市场经济
market economy
市场占有率（市场份额）
market share
市场准入
market access（指商品和劳务的进入）；market entry（指机构的审批）
市价总值
market capitalization
适度从紧
appropriately tight
适时调节
timely adjustment
收回对金融机构贷款
to recall central bank loans （to financial institutions）
税后还贷
amortization（repayment of loans）after tax
税收流失
tax erosion
税源不足
weak tax base
私营经济（私人经济）
the private sector
私有制
private ownership
经济金融术语汉英对照表（表四）
同业拆借市场利率（中国）
CHIBOR（China inter-bank offered rate）
同业融通票据
inter-bank financing bills
同业往来
inter-bank transactions
透支
overdraft
退税
tax refund（rebate）
头寸
position
吞吐基础货币
adjustment of monetary base
脱媒现象
disintermediation
W
外部审计
external audit
外国直接投资
foreign direct investment （FDI）
外汇储备
foreign exchange reserves
外汇调剂
foreign exchange swap
外汇占款
the RMB counterpart of foreign exchange reserves;the RMB equivalent of offcial foreign exchange holdings
外向型经济
export-oriented economy
外债
external debt
外资企业
foreign-funded enterprises
完善现代企业制度
to improve the modern enterprise system
完税凭证
tax payment documentation
违法经营
illegal business
委托存款
entrusted deposits
稳步增长
steady growth
稳健的银行系统
a sound banking system
稳中求进
to make progress while ensuring stability
无纸交易
book-entry（or paperless/scriptless）transaction
物价监测
price monitoring
X
吸纳流动性
to absorb liquidity
稀缺经济
scarcity economy
洗钱
money laundering
系统内调度
fund allocation within a bank
系统性金融危机
systemic financial crisis
下岗工人
laid-off employees
下游企业
down-stream enterprises
现场稽核
on-site examination
现金滞留（居民手中）
cash held outside the banking system
乡镇企业
township and village enterprises（TVEs）
消费物价指数
consumer price index（CPI）
消费税
excise（consumption）tax
消灭财政赤字
to balance the budget;to eliminate fiscal deficit
销货款回笼
reflow of corporate sales income to the banking system
销售平淡
lackluster sales
协议外资金额
committed amount of foreign investment
新经济增长点
new sources of economic growth
新开工项目
new projects;newly started projects
新增贷款
incremental credit; loan increment; credit growth; credit expansion
新增就业位置
new jobs;new job opportunities
信贷规模考核
review the compliance with credit ceilings
信号失真
distorted signals
信托投资公司
trust and investment companies
信息不对称
information asymmetry
信息反馈
feedback（information）
信息共享系统
information sharing system
信息披露
information disclosure
信用扩张
credir expansion
信用评级
credit rating
姓“资”还是姓“社”
pertaining to socialism or capitalism;socialist orcaptialist
行政措施
administrative measures
需求膨胀
demand expansion; excessive demand
虚伪存款
window-dressing deposits
削减冗员
to shed excess labor force
寻租
rent seeking
迅速反弹
quick rebound
Y
养老基金
pension fund
一刀切
universal application;non-discretionary implementation
一级市场
primary market
应收未收利息
overdue interest
银行网点
banking outlets
赢利能力
profitability
营业税
business tax
硬贷款（商业贷款）
commercial loans
用地审批
to grant land use right
有管理的浮动汇率
managed floating exchange rate
证券投资
portfolio investment
游资（热钱）
hot money
有市场的产品
marketable products
有效供给
effective supply
诱发新一轮经济扩张
trigger a new round of economic expansion
逾期贷款
overdue loans;past-due loans
与国际惯例接轨
to become compatible with internationally accepted
与国际市场接轨
to integrate with the world market
预算外支出（收入）
off-budget （extra-budgetary） expenditure（revenue）
预调
pre-emptive adjustment
月环比
on a month-on-month basis; on a monthly basis
Z
再贷款
central bank lending
在国际金融机构储备头寸
reserve position in international financial institutions
在人行存款
deposits at （with） the central bank
在途资金
fund in float
增加农业投入
to increase investment in agriculture
增势减缓
deceleration of growth;moderation of growthmomentum
增收节支措施
revenue-enhancing and expenditure control measures
增长平稳
steady growth
增值税
value-added tax（VAT）
涨幅偏高
higher-than-desirable growth rate;excessive growth
账外账
concealed accounts
折旧
depreciation
整顿
retrenchment;consolidation
政策工具
policy instrument
政策性业务
policy-related operations
政策性银行
policy banks
政策组合
policy mix
政府干预
government intervention
证券交易清算
settlement of securities transactions
证券业务占款
funding of securities purchase
支付困难
payment difficulty
支付能力
payment capacity
直接调控方式向
to increase the reliance on indirect policy instruments
间接调控方式转变职能转换
transformation of functions
职业道德
professional ethics
指令性措施
mandatory measures
指令性计划
mandatory plan;administered plan
制定和实施货币政策
to conduct monetary policy;to formulate and implement monetary policy
滞后影响
lagged effect
中介机构
intermediaries
中央与地方财政
delineation of fiscal responsibilities
分灶吃饭重点建设
key construction projects;key investment project
周期谷底
bottom（trough）of business cycle
周转速度
velocity
主办银行
main bank
主权风险
sovereign risk
注册资本
registered capital
逐步到位
to phase in;phased implementation
逐步取消
to phase out
抓大放小
to seize the big and free the small（to maintain close oversight on the large state-ownedenterprises and subject smaller ones to market competition）
专款专用
use of funds as ear-marked
转贷
on-lending
转轨经济
transition economy
转机
turnaround
转折关头
turning point
准财政赤字
quasi-fiscal deficit
准货币
quasi-money
资本不足
under-capitalized
资本充足率
capital adequacy ratio
资本利润率
return on capital
资本账户可兑换
capital account convertibility
资不抵债
insolvent;insolvency
资产负债表
balance sheet
资产负债率
liability/asset ratio;ratio of liabilities to assets
资产集中
asset concentration
资产贡献率
asset contribution factor
资产利润率
return on assets （ROA）
资产质量
asset quality
资产组合
asset portfolio
资金成本
cost of funding;cost of capital;financing cost
资金到位
fully funded （project）
资金宽裕
to have sufficient funds
资金利用率
fund utilization rate
资金缺口
financing gap
资金体外循环
financial disintermediation
资金占压
funds tied up
自筹投资项目
self-financed projects
自有资金
equity fund
综合国力
overall national strength（often measured by GDP）
综合效益指标
overall efficiency indicator
综合治理
comprehensive adjustment（retrenchment）;over-haul
总成交额
total contract value
总交易量
total amount of transactions
总成本
total cost
最后贷款人
lender of last resort
最后贷款人
lender of last resort
