《中国绘画三千年》名词解释 A to B
academic style
Painting in the style of the Imperial Painting Academy of the Song (960-1279) and Ming (1368-1644) dynasties featuring realistic, meticulously detailed bird-and-flower paintings, precise renderings of architecture, evocative illustrations of poems, and realistic and detailed figural and landscape paintings with fine outlines and often colorful washes.
画院风格
——宋明两朝宫廷画院绘画风格，以工笔花鸟，界画，以诗入画，以及美形重彩而又写实的人物、山水画为特征。
Academy of Painting
see Imperial Painting Academy.
画院
——参见“宫廷画院”。
accumulating-ink method
A technique associated with Dong Qichang (1555-1636) and Gong Xian (1618-1689) in which various tones of inkwash, from light to dark, are applied successively to the same area, creating a richly moist effect.
积墨法
——董其昌、龚贤所用的一种技法，多层墨色由浅至深施于同处，创造出丰富的晕染效果。
album leaf
Page from an album of painting or calligraphy. Albums, or books of painting and calligraphy, were sometimes created programmatically by an artist or artists and were sometimes compiled by later collectors. Small paintings and both folding and flat fans were usually preserved by mounting them as album leaves.
册页
——画册或书帖中的页。画册或书帖通常由一个或多个画家有计划地创作而成，或为后世收藏家所编选出。小的画作和折页以及扇面都以装订成册页的形式进行保存。
Amitayus Buddha
The Buddha of Boundless Splendor, who presides over the Western Paradise.
阿弥陀佛
——无量寿佛，主持西方极乐世界。
Anhui School
A group of early Qing-dynasty artists centered in Anhui Province--the Huizhou or Xin'an District in particular--including Xiao Yuncong, Hongren, Zha Shibiao, and Mei Qing, whose works reflect highly individualized styles of painting. Their favored subject matter was Mount Huang. Also called the Xin'an School.
安徽画派
——清早期以安徽省为中心的一群画家——尤其是徽州或新安地区——包括萧云从、弘仁、查士标、梅清，其作品具有强烈的个人化特征。他们最钟情的创作对象就是黄山。也被称作“新安派”。
apsara
Heavenly being or goddess. The term is usually applied to celestial musicians and dancers surrounding Buddhas and bodhisattvas.
天女
——天仙或神女。常指佛祖和菩萨周围的的乐师或舞者。
architectural drawing or painting (jiehua)
Meticulous representation of architecture drawn with fine lines and made using a square and a ruler.
界画
——以精确的线条细致表现建筑的画，用一方块（？）和一直尺绘制而成。
arhats
Disciples of the historical Buddha, Shakyamuni, who lived ascetic lives in their single-minded devotion to the spirit of the Buddha's teachings. These enlightened worthies, also called lohans, are arranged in groups of sixteen, eight, or five hundred.
阿罗汉
——佛祖释迦牟尼的弟子，过着苦行生活，一心向佛。这些贤士也被称作“罗汉”，通常组成十六人一组，八人一组，或五百人一组。
artisan
A local professional craftworker or regional specialist. See also literati painting; minjian huajia.
匠师
——地方职业工匠或行家。亦见于“文人画”或“民间画家”。
ax-cut brushstroke, ax-cut texture stroke
Uncalligraphic downward-sweeping stroke made with the side of the brush. The stroke exhibits a strong, sharp edge and entry, with the effect of an ax chopping into wood, and is used to provide a rocky texture to landscape motifs. Originated by Li Tang (1050-1130).
斧劈皴
——用侧锋向下拖形成不同于书法的笔触。其边缘犀利，如斧子砍入木头一般，用来表现山水画中石头的质地。创自李唐（1050-1130）。
baimiao
Line drawing in plain black ink in the absence of color.
白描
——不施色彩仅用墨线进行描绘。
blue-and-green landscape style
A style of landscape painting believed to have been invented by Li Sixun and his son Li Zhaodao in the Tang dynasty (618-907) that relies on heavy mineral blues and greens and sometimes gold and silver.
青绿山水风格
——一种山水画风格，据传是由唐朝的李思训和李昭道父子所发明，以矿物青绿颜料为主色，有时也会用到金银两色。
Bochen School
Beginning in the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) with Zeng Jing and his followers--Xie Bin among them--the artists in this school were lauded for their realistic, illusionistic portraits. Zeng Jing's style was highly influential on portrait painters of the Qing dynasty and later.
波臣画派
——始自明朝曾鲸及其追随者（其中之一为谢彬）。此派画家因其逼真而富有想象力的人物画受到赞誉。曾鲸的风格对清及后世的人物画风格影响很大。
bodhisattva
Enlightened being; a potential Buddha who has denounced final rebirth into nirvana in order to bring salvation to all suffering humankind.
菩萨
——觉有情；舍生成仁，救苦救难。
“boneless” (meigu) method, “bone-mmersing” (mogu) method
Painting in color and washes without black ink outlines or structure ("bones").
没骨法
——不用墨色勾线或画出结构的设色画。
broken ink (pomo)
Plentiful application of ink or color in a bold and uninhibited manner to create layers and tones of washes, together with the use of contours for rocks and other landscape forms to produce the illusion of modeling and depth.
泼墨
——用粗率不羁的手法使用大量墨彩，创造出众多层次和色调，同时配合石头和其他景物的轮廓进行幻象和景深的塑造。
Buddha
See Amitayus Buddha; Maitreya; Shakyamuni.
佛
——参见“阿弥陀佛”；“弥勒佛”；“释迦牟尼”。
Painting in the style of the Imperial Painting Academy of the Song (960-1279) and Ming (1368-1644) dynasties featuring realistic, meticulously detailed bird-and-flower paintings, precise renderings of architecture, evocative illustrations of poems, and realistic and detailed figural and landscape paintings with fine outlines and often colorful washes.
画院风格
——宋明两朝宫廷画院绘画风格，以工笔花鸟，界画，以诗入画，以及美形重彩而又写实的人物、山水画为特征。
Academy of Painting
see Imperial Painting Academy.
画院
——参见“宫廷画院”。
accumulating-ink method
A technique associated with Dong Qichang (1555-1636) and Gong Xian (1618-1689) in which various tones of inkwash, from light to dark, are applied successively to the same area, creating a richly moist effect.
积墨法
——董其昌、龚贤所用的一种技法，多层墨色由浅至深施于同处，创造出丰富的晕染效果。
album leaf
Page from an album of painting or calligraphy. Albums, or books of painting and calligraphy, were sometimes created programmatically by an artist or artists and were sometimes compiled by later collectors. Small paintings and both folding and flat fans were usually preserved by mounting them as album leaves.
册页
——画册或书帖中的页。画册或书帖通常由一个或多个画家有计划地创作而成，或为后世收藏家所编选出。小的画作和折页以及扇面都以装订成册页的形式进行保存。
Amitayus Buddha
The Buddha of Boundless Splendor, who presides over the Western Paradise.
阿弥陀佛
——无量寿佛，主持西方极乐世界。
Anhui School
A group of early Qing-dynasty artists centered in Anhui Province--the Huizhou or Xin'an District in particular--including Xiao Yuncong, Hongren, Zha Shibiao, and Mei Qing, whose works reflect highly individualized styles of painting. Their favored subject matter was Mount Huang. Also called the Xin'an School.
安徽画派
——清早期以安徽省为中心的一群画家——尤其是徽州或新安地区——包括萧云从、弘仁、查士标、梅清，其作品具有强烈的个人化特征。他们最钟情的创作对象就是黄山。也被称作“新安派”。
apsara
Heavenly being or goddess. The term is usually applied to celestial musicians and dancers surrounding Buddhas and bodhisattvas.
天女
——天仙或神女。常指佛祖和菩萨周围的的乐师或舞者。
architectural drawing or painting (jiehua)
Meticulous representation of architecture drawn with fine lines and made using a square and a ruler.
界画
——以精确的线条细致表现建筑的画，用一方块（？）和一直尺绘制而成。
arhats
Disciples of the historical Buddha, Shakyamuni, who lived ascetic lives in their single-minded devotion to the spirit of the Buddha's teachings. These enlightened worthies, also called lohans, are arranged in groups of sixteen, eight, or five hundred.
阿罗汉
——佛祖释迦牟尼的弟子，过着苦行生活，一心向佛。这些贤士也被称作“罗汉”，通常组成十六人一组，八人一组，或五百人一组。
artisan
A local professional craftworker or regional specialist. See also literati painting; minjian huajia.
匠师
——地方职业工匠或行家。亦见于“文人画”或“民间画家”。
ax-cut brushstroke, ax-cut texture stroke
Uncalligraphic downward-sweeping stroke made with the side of the brush. The stroke exhibits a strong, sharp edge and entry, with the effect of an ax chopping into wood, and is used to provide a rocky texture to landscape motifs. Originated by Li Tang (1050-1130).
斧劈皴
——用侧锋向下拖形成不同于书法的笔触。其边缘犀利，如斧子砍入木头一般，用来表现山水画中石头的质地。创自李唐（1050-1130）。
baimiao
Line drawing in plain black ink in the absence of color.
白描
——不施色彩仅用墨线进行描绘。
blue-and-green landscape style
A style of landscape painting believed to have been invented by Li Sixun and his son Li Zhaodao in the Tang dynasty (618-907) that relies on heavy mineral blues and greens and sometimes gold and silver.
青绿山水风格
——一种山水画风格，据传是由唐朝的李思训和李昭道父子所发明，以矿物青绿颜料为主色，有时也会用到金银两色。
Bochen School
Beginning in the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) with Zeng Jing and his followers--Xie Bin among them--the artists in this school were lauded for their realistic, illusionistic portraits. Zeng Jing's style was highly influential on portrait painters of the Qing dynasty and later.
波臣画派
——始自明朝曾鲸及其追随者（其中之一为谢彬）。此派画家因其逼真而富有想象力的人物画受到赞誉。曾鲸的风格对清及后世的人物画风格影响很大。
bodhisattva
Enlightened being; a potential Buddha who has denounced final rebirth into nirvana in order to bring salvation to all suffering humankind.
菩萨
——觉有情；舍生成仁，救苦救难。
“boneless” (meigu) method, “bone-mmersing” (mogu) method
Painting in color and washes without black ink outlines or structure ("bones").
没骨法
——不用墨色勾线或画出结构的设色画。
broken ink (pomo)
Plentiful application of ink or color in a bold and uninhibited manner to create layers and tones of washes, together with the use of contours for rocks and other landscape forms to produce the illusion of modeling and depth.
泼墨
——用粗率不羁的手法使用大量墨彩，创造出众多层次和色调，同时配合石头和其他景物的轮廓进行幻象和景深的塑造。
Buddha
See Amitayus Buddha; Maitreya; Shakyamuni.
佛
——参见“阿弥陀佛”；“弥勒佛”；“释迦牟尼”。
