英语中主谓一致的易错语法总结
*本篇中不讨论非正式语体
主谓一致的指导原则:
1. 语法一致原则
也就是我们最熟悉的“单复数形式上的一致”
Each boy has his own book.
2. 意义一致原则
也就是“单复数意义上的一致”
Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.
3. 就近原则*
也就是动词的单复数形式取决于靠它最近的词语
Neither Julia nor I am going.
*就近原则
or, nor, either… or, neither… nor(记忆:含有‘or’字段)
not only… but also
例:My sisters or my brother is likely to be at home.
其余的场合依主语本身的单复数意义而定
主谓一致的易错语法点:
①. 主语为 -s 结尾的名词
A. 以 -s 结尾的地理名称
1. 国名(the United Nations, the United States, etc.)
因为是单一政治实体所以作单数用
2. 群岛/山脉/海峡/瀑布等(the Himalayas, the Niagara Falls, etc.)
作复数
B. 由两个部分组成的以 -s 结尾的物体
scissors, pincers, glasses, shorts, etc.
如果不带“一把”、“一副”、“一条”等单位词而单独使用 作复数
Joe's new trousers are black and white.
C. 以 -s 结尾的单复数同形的名词
barracks, headquarters, means, series, species, works, etc.
取决于它是用作单数还是复数
A headquarters was set up.
Their headquarters are in Paris.
②. 主语为集体名词
A.
1. 通常作复数的:
police cattle militia poultry vermin etc.
2. 通常作单数的:
foliage machinery equipment furniture merchandise etc.
3. 可单可复的(取决于强调个体还是整体):
audience committee class crew family government public etc.
B. a committee of / a panel of / a (the) board of + 复数名词
作单数
A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.
③. 主语为数量概念
A. 确定数量的名词词组作主语
1. 取决于把它看作一个整体还是一个个的个体(如six months)
2. 分数(或百分数) + of…
取决于of后面的名词
Over sixty per cent of the city was destroyed in the war.
3. 描述计算
两数相减或相除 用单数
两数相加或相乘 可单可复
Forty minus fifteen leaves twenty-five.
4. one in / one out of + 复数名词
作单数
One in ten students has failed the exam.
B. 非确定数量的名词词组作主语
1. all of… , some of… , none of… , half of… , most of… , etc. (非确定数量)
lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of, plenty of, etc.(许许多多)
取决于of后面的名词
Half of the students are girls.
2. a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of + 名词
作单数
3. 限定词 + kind (s) / type (s) / sort (s) of + 名词
a. 限定词表示单数意义(this, that, a, etc.)
后通常接单数或不可数名词,作单数:This kind of man annoys me.
*如果要用复数名词,须把名词放在前面,作复数:Roses of this kind are very sweet.
b. 限定词表示复数意义(these, many, several, etc.)
作复数,如:There are many kinds of snake in the mountains.
4. many a + 名词 或 more than one + 名词
意义虽属多数,但随后动词用单数
Many a man has done his duty.
5. an average of / a majority of + 复数名词
单复数取决于表示的是不是多数个体概念
An average of 25 persons apply each month.
An average of 25 applications a month is not unusual.
④. 其它方面的主谓一致问题
A. 主语为名词性分句 或 非限定分句(主要是不定式和-ing分句)
1. 通常作单数
2. 若是两个由and连接的并列分句,并且表示两件事情,作复数
B. one of + 复数名词 + 关系分句
1. 通常用复数:Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.
2. 有时为了强调one,也用单数:Tom is one of those who believes in myths.
有the, the only等强调词时用单数
C. 强调句中的主谓一致
单复数依先行项而定
特别强调:It is I who am to blame.
D. 存在句中的主谓一致
1. 单复数一般取决于实义主语(Notional Subject):There is a note left on the desk.
2. 当实义主语为并列结构时,只要第一个并列成分不是复数,便可用单数,也可以说是就近原则在起作用:There’s more grace and less carelessness. / There’s a long springboard and three rafts.
整理 by 银河系漫游指南
2014.4.11
主谓一致的指导原则:
1. 语法一致原则
也就是我们最熟悉的“单复数形式上的一致”
Each boy has his own book.
2. 意义一致原则
也就是“单复数意义上的一致”
Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.
3. 就近原则*
也就是动词的单复数形式取决于靠它最近的词语
Neither Julia nor I am going.
*就近原则
or, nor, either… or, neither… nor(记忆:含有‘or’字段)
not only… but also
例:My sisters or my brother is likely to be at home.
其余的场合依主语本身的单复数意义而定
主谓一致的易错语法点:
①. 主语为 -s 结尾的名词
A. 以 -s 结尾的地理名称
1. 国名(the United Nations, the United States, etc.)
因为是单一政治实体所以作单数用
2. 群岛/山脉/海峡/瀑布等(the Himalayas, the Niagara Falls, etc.)
作复数
B. 由两个部分组成的以 -s 结尾的物体
scissors, pincers, glasses, shorts, etc.
如果不带“一把”、“一副”、“一条”等单位词而单独使用 作复数
Joe's new trousers are black and white.
C. 以 -s 结尾的单复数同形的名词
barracks, headquarters, means, series, species, works, etc.
取决于它是用作单数还是复数
A headquarters was set up.
Their headquarters are in Paris.
②. 主语为集体名词
A.
1. 通常作复数的:
police cattle militia poultry vermin etc.
2. 通常作单数的:
foliage machinery equipment furniture merchandise etc.
3. 可单可复的(取决于强调个体还是整体):
audience committee class crew family government public etc.
B. a committee of / a panel of / a (the) board of + 复数名词
作单数
A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.
③. 主语为数量概念
A. 确定数量的名词词组作主语
1. 取决于把它看作一个整体还是一个个的个体(如six months)
2. 分数(或百分数) + of…
取决于of后面的名词
Over sixty per cent of the city was destroyed in the war.
3. 描述计算
两数相减或相除 用单数
两数相加或相乘 可单可复
Forty minus fifteen leaves twenty-five.
4. one in / one out of + 复数名词
作单数
One in ten students has failed the exam.
B. 非确定数量的名词词组作主语
1. all of… , some of… , none of… , half of… , most of… , etc. (非确定数量)
lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of, plenty of, etc.(许许多多)
取决于of后面的名词
Half of the students are girls.
2. a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of + 名词
作单数
3. 限定词 + kind (s) / type (s) / sort (s) of + 名词
a. 限定词表示单数意义(this, that, a, etc.)
后通常接单数或不可数名词,作单数:This kind of man annoys me.
*如果要用复数名词,须把名词放在前面,作复数:Roses of this kind are very sweet.
b. 限定词表示复数意义(these, many, several, etc.)
作复数,如:There are many kinds of snake in the mountains.
4. many a + 名词 或 more than one + 名词
意义虽属多数,但随后动词用单数
Many a man has done his duty.
5. an average of / a majority of + 复数名词
单复数取决于表示的是不是多数个体概念
An average of 25 persons apply each month.
An average of 25 applications a month is not unusual.
④. 其它方面的主谓一致问题
A. 主语为名词性分句 或 非限定分句(主要是不定式和-ing分句)
1. 通常作单数
2. 若是两个由and连接的并列分句,并且表示两件事情,作复数
B. one of + 复数名词 + 关系分句
1. 通常用复数:Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.
2. 有时为了强调one,也用单数:Tom is one of those who believes in myths.
有the, the only等强调词时用单数
C. 强调句中的主谓一致
单复数依先行项而定
特别强调:It is I who am to blame.
D. 存在句中的主谓一致
1. 单复数一般取决于实义主语(Notional Subject):There is a note left on the desk.
2. 当实义主语为并列结构时,只要第一个并列成分不是复数,便可用单数,也可以说是就近原则在起作用:There’s more grace and less carelessness. / There’s a long springboard and three rafts.
整理 by 银河系漫游指南
2014.4.11