齐别根钮*赫伯特“李维之变迁”
李维①之变迁
从前我的祖父我的曾祖父怎么理解李维?
他们定是在高中古典课上读的他,
在一年中并不很合宜的时节,
那时一棵栗树立在窗外———炽热的花如枝形大烛台——
祖父和曾祖父的心思都气喘吁吁地奔向花园里歌唱的米夏,
她正炫耀自己袒胸露背的低领衣和膝下诱人的大腿,
或奔向来自维也纳歌剧院的嘉碧,
她一头卷发宛如小天使,鼻子上翘,吟唱着莫扎特,
或最后奔向热心肠的莜夏,她收留遭遗弃的人,
她不美也不聪慧,知足地生活着。
他们就是这样读李维———哦在开花的季节———
满心厌倦,置身于粉笔和樟脑球气味中,
头顶是皇帝的画像,
因为那时有个皇帝,
而帝国就像所有帝国一样,
看似永恒不衰。
读《罗马史》他们臣服于这种幻觉:
他们是罗马人或罗马人的后裔,
这些被征服正遭奴役的子孙②。
当然拉丁语老师有功于此,
他身着破外套,
以朝臣的头衔收集古代美德。
伴着对李维的解读,他在学生心中播下蔑视暴民的种子,
激起他们对民众革命的憎恶,
而所有征服者看起来皆属正当,
他们展现出胜利属于强者。
这就是为什么他们为特拉西梅诺湖战役③的失败而痛惜,
西庇阿④的优胜让他们豪情满腹,
得知汉尼拔之死后他们由衷地感到如释重负。
他们太轻易太轻易地被领着走,
越过从句的堑壕,
动名词掌管的复杂建筑,
溢满雄辩的川流,
句法的陷阱,
———去战斗
为一个不属于他们的事业。
只有我父亲和后来的我
读着李维反李维,
小心察看这巨幅壁画底下隐藏的东西,
这就是为什么斯凯沃拉⑤夸张的手势、百夫长的叫喊、凯旋的行进
在我们心中唤不起任何回响。
而我们甘愿被失败者所打动:
萨谟奈人、高卢人、伊特鲁里亚人。
我们数点被罗马人踏为尘土的诸民族之名,
他们毫无荣耀地被埋葬,但对李维来说
他们甚至不值得在文章中略微一提。
那些赫彼奈人、阿普利亚人、卢卡尼亚人、奥苏南人,
还有塔伦托、米太旁登、罗克里的原住民⑥。
我父亲心里很清楚,我也知道
没有一丝天上的征兆,
某天在遥远的一处边境,
在潘诺尼亚、萨拉热窝或特拉比松⑦
在冰冷大海边的一座城市,
在潘杰希尔⑧的一处山谷,
将爆发一场大火
而帝国将陨落
注:①蒂托·李维(Titus Livius,前59年-17年)是古罗马著名的历史学家,有巨著《罗马史》,即《罗马建城以来史》。
②当时的波兰受沙皇俄国统治。
③特拉西梅诺湖战役,是罗马共和国与迦太基共和国之第二次布匿战争中,汉尼拔进军意大利过程中的一次重大胜利,这次战役足以称得上是汉尼拔军事生涯中的一个杰作。在这场战役中,汉尼拔巧妙地运用迂回战术,包抄到罗马军队的背后,然后守株待兔,坐等敌人送上门来,最后全歼罗马三万主力军并击毙了敌方主帅。
④西庇阿,古罗马统帅和政治家,第二次布匿战争中罗马方面的主要将领之一,以在扎马战役中打败迦太基统帅汉尼拔而著称于世。
⑤斯凯沃拉,古罗马英雄,据说他冒死为罗马城解了围。
⑥以上所述皆为被罗马征服的民族。
⑦皆为曾被罗马帝国征服的地名。潘诺尼亚,大致相当于今日匈牙利西部、奥地利东部、斯洛文尼亚、克罗地亚、波黑和塞尔维亚北部。潘诺尼亚约在前35年~前14年被罗马人征服,并划为一个行省。433年罗马军团撤出,并被割让给匈人阿提拉之后,潘诺尼亚行省不再存在。896年,这里曾成为阿尔帕德大公领导下的匈牙利人(马扎尔人)侵袭欧洲的基地;萨拉热窝,曾被罗马帝国征服,后来哥特人占据此地,之后斯拉夫人在7世纪来到这里,“一战”导火索发生地;特拉比松帝国,创立于1204年4月,是从拜占庭帝国分裂出的三个帝国之一,持续了257年。1461年,奥斯曼帝国穆罕默德二世进攻特拉比松,国王大卫科穆宁投降,国亡。
⑧阿富汗东北部的狭长山谷。1979年12月苏联军队人侵阿富汗后,谷地成为阿游击队抗击苏军的重要根据地。
所据英译:
Transformations of Livy
by Zbigniew Herbert
How did they understand Livy my grandfather my great grandfather
certainly they read him in high school
at the not very propitious time of the year
when a chestnut stands in the window--fervent candelabras of blooms--
all the thoughts of grandfather and great grandfather running breathless to Mizia
who sings in the garden shows her decolletage also her heavenly legs up to the knees
or Gabi from the Vienna opera with ringlets like a cherub Gabi with a snub nose and Mozart in her throat
or in the end to kindhearted Jozia refuge of the dejected
with no beauty talent or great demands
and so they read Livy--O season of blossoms--
in the smell of chalk boredom naphthalene for cleaning the floor
under a portrait of the emperor
because at that time there was an emperor
and the empire like all empires
seemed eternal
Reading the history of the City they surrendered to the illusion
that they are Romans or descendants of the Romans
these sons of the conquered themselves enslaved
surely the Latin master contributed to this
with his rank of Court Councillor
a collection of antique virtues under a worn-out frock coat
so following Livy he implanted in his pupils the contempt for the mob
the revolt of the people--res tam foede--aroused loathing in them
whereas all of the conquests appeared just
they showed simply the victory of what is better stronger
that is why they were pained by the defeat at Lake Trasimeno
the superiority of Scipio filled them with pride
they learned of the death of Hannibal with genuine relief
easily too easily they let themselves be led
through the entrenchments of subordinate clauses
complex constructions governed by the gerund
rivers swollen with elocution
pitfalls of syntax
--to battle
for a cause not theirs
Only my father and myself after him
read Livy against Livy
carefully examining what is underneath the fresco
this is why the theatrical gesture of Scaevola awoke no echo in us
shouts of centurions triumphal marches
while we were willing to be moved by the defeat
of the Samnites Gauls or Etruscans
we counted many of the names of peoples turned to dust by the Romans
buried without glory who for Livy
were not worth even a wrinkle of style
those Hirpins Apulians Lucanians Osunans
also the inhabitants of Tarentum Metapontum Locri
My father knew well and I also know
that one day on a remote boundary
without any signs in heaven in Pannonia Sarajevo or Trebizond
in a city by a cold sea
or in a valley of Panshir
a local conflagration will explode
and the empire will fall
(translated by John and Bogdana Carpenter)
从前我的祖父我的曾祖父怎么理解李维?
他们定是在高中古典课上读的他,
在一年中并不很合宜的时节,
那时一棵栗树立在窗外———炽热的花如枝形大烛台——
祖父和曾祖父的心思都气喘吁吁地奔向花园里歌唱的米夏,
她正炫耀自己袒胸露背的低领衣和膝下诱人的大腿,
或奔向来自维也纳歌剧院的嘉碧,
她一头卷发宛如小天使,鼻子上翘,吟唱着莫扎特,
或最后奔向热心肠的莜夏,她收留遭遗弃的人,
她不美也不聪慧,知足地生活着。
他们就是这样读李维———哦在开花的季节———
满心厌倦,置身于粉笔和樟脑球气味中,
头顶是皇帝的画像,
因为那时有个皇帝,
而帝国就像所有帝国一样,
看似永恒不衰。
读《罗马史》他们臣服于这种幻觉:
他们是罗马人或罗马人的后裔,
这些被征服正遭奴役的子孙②。
当然拉丁语老师有功于此,
他身着破外套,
以朝臣的头衔收集古代美德。
伴着对李维的解读,他在学生心中播下蔑视暴民的种子,
激起他们对民众革命的憎恶,
而所有征服者看起来皆属正当,
他们展现出胜利属于强者。
这就是为什么他们为特拉西梅诺湖战役③的失败而痛惜,
西庇阿④的优胜让他们豪情满腹,
得知汉尼拔之死后他们由衷地感到如释重负。
他们太轻易太轻易地被领着走,
越过从句的堑壕,
动名词掌管的复杂建筑,
溢满雄辩的川流,
句法的陷阱,
———去战斗
为一个不属于他们的事业。
只有我父亲和后来的我
读着李维反李维,
小心察看这巨幅壁画底下隐藏的东西,
这就是为什么斯凯沃拉⑤夸张的手势、百夫长的叫喊、凯旋的行进
在我们心中唤不起任何回响。
而我们甘愿被失败者所打动:
萨谟奈人、高卢人、伊特鲁里亚人。
我们数点被罗马人踏为尘土的诸民族之名,
他们毫无荣耀地被埋葬,但对李维来说
他们甚至不值得在文章中略微一提。
那些赫彼奈人、阿普利亚人、卢卡尼亚人、奥苏南人,
还有塔伦托、米太旁登、罗克里的原住民⑥。
我父亲心里很清楚,我也知道
没有一丝天上的征兆,
某天在遥远的一处边境,
在潘诺尼亚、萨拉热窝或特拉比松⑦
在冰冷大海边的一座城市,
在潘杰希尔⑧的一处山谷,
将爆发一场大火
而帝国将陨落
注:①蒂托·李维(Titus Livius,前59年-17年)是古罗马著名的历史学家,有巨著《罗马史》,即《罗马建城以来史》。
②当时的波兰受沙皇俄国统治。
③特拉西梅诺湖战役,是罗马共和国与迦太基共和国之第二次布匿战争中,汉尼拔进军意大利过程中的一次重大胜利,这次战役足以称得上是汉尼拔军事生涯中的一个杰作。在这场战役中,汉尼拔巧妙地运用迂回战术,包抄到罗马军队的背后,然后守株待兔,坐等敌人送上门来,最后全歼罗马三万主力军并击毙了敌方主帅。
④西庇阿,古罗马统帅和政治家,第二次布匿战争中罗马方面的主要将领之一,以在扎马战役中打败迦太基统帅汉尼拔而著称于世。
⑤斯凯沃拉,古罗马英雄,据说他冒死为罗马城解了围。
⑥以上所述皆为被罗马征服的民族。
⑦皆为曾被罗马帝国征服的地名。潘诺尼亚,大致相当于今日匈牙利西部、奥地利东部、斯洛文尼亚、克罗地亚、波黑和塞尔维亚北部。潘诺尼亚约在前35年~前14年被罗马人征服,并划为一个行省。433年罗马军团撤出,并被割让给匈人阿提拉之后,潘诺尼亚行省不再存在。896年,这里曾成为阿尔帕德大公领导下的匈牙利人(马扎尔人)侵袭欧洲的基地;萨拉热窝,曾被罗马帝国征服,后来哥特人占据此地,之后斯拉夫人在7世纪来到这里,“一战”导火索发生地;特拉比松帝国,创立于1204年4月,是从拜占庭帝国分裂出的三个帝国之一,持续了257年。1461年,奥斯曼帝国穆罕默德二世进攻特拉比松,国王大卫科穆宁投降,国亡。
⑧阿富汗东北部的狭长山谷。1979年12月苏联军队人侵阿富汗后,谷地成为阿游击队抗击苏军的重要根据地。
所据英译:
Transformations of Livy
by Zbigniew Herbert
How did they understand Livy my grandfather my great grandfather
certainly they read him in high school
at the not very propitious time of the year
when a chestnut stands in the window--fervent candelabras of blooms--
all the thoughts of grandfather and great grandfather running breathless to Mizia
who sings in the garden shows her decolletage also her heavenly legs up to the knees
or Gabi from the Vienna opera with ringlets like a cherub Gabi with a snub nose and Mozart in her throat
or in the end to kindhearted Jozia refuge of the dejected
with no beauty talent or great demands
and so they read Livy--O season of blossoms--
in the smell of chalk boredom naphthalene for cleaning the floor
under a portrait of the emperor
because at that time there was an emperor
and the empire like all empires
seemed eternal
Reading the history of the City they surrendered to the illusion
that they are Romans or descendants of the Romans
these sons of the conquered themselves enslaved
surely the Latin master contributed to this
with his rank of Court Councillor
a collection of antique virtues under a worn-out frock coat
so following Livy he implanted in his pupils the contempt for the mob
the revolt of the people--res tam foede--aroused loathing in them
whereas all of the conquests appeared just
they showed simply the victory of what is better stronger
that is why they were pained by the defeat at Lake Trasimeno
the superiority of Scipio filled them with pride
they learned of the death of Hannibal with genuine relief
easily too easily they let themselves be led
through the entrenchments of subordinate clauses
complex constructions governed by the gerund
rivers swollen with elocution
pitfalls of syntax
--to battle
for a cause not theirs
Only my father and myself after him
read Livy against Livy
carefully examining what is underneath the fresco
this is why the theatrical gesture of Scaevola awoke no echo in us
shouts of centurions triumphal marches
while we were willing to be moved by the defeat
of the Samnites Gauls or Etruscans
we counted many of the names of peoples turned to dust by the Romans
buried without glory who for Livy
were not worth even a wrinkle of style
those Hirpins Apulians Lucanians Osunans
also the inhabitants of Tarentum Metapontum Locri
My father knew well and I also know
that one day on a remote boundary
without any signs in heaven in Pannonia Sarajevo or Trebizond
in a city by a cold sea
or in a valley of Panshir
a local conflagration will explode
and the empire will fall
(translated by John and Bogdana Carpenter)
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