［我想写地道的academic writing系列］写好英文论文的实用工具推荐

1. 阅读前人的学术作品。
        如果你是在申请学校，写personal statement，research proposal，甚至writing sample的时候，都要把握住自己和对方项目的契合点。具体而言，仔细研究教授的specialization。每个学校初步选2-3supervisors，读他们的publication（找你们之间research interest的相近之处），把作品里面好的思路，句子摘抄到word作为自己素材库。
        去做这样的准备不仅仅可以对学校更加了解，更加发自内心的渴望，而且可以使自己将来的PS里面的research interest＋ why program段落写的有理有据有逻辑性。为了达成这些，把老师文章的相关信息复制下来保存在word里面积累自己的素材库（巨大工程，磨刀不误砍柴工。对PS写作至关重要）。
        在国内的同学可能不方便购买各种书籍，以下两个网站可以帮助你寻找书籍的电子版：
http://gen.lib.rus.ec
http://zh.bookzz.org
  查资料首先用明年4月重新开放的某物，之后用论文搜索引擎。JSTOR，Project Muse都是很好用的。
        另外也可以找老师对某个领域的课程表，相当的具体全面。对于东亚研究感兴趣的同学，推荐普林斯顿教授们整理出的书目：
http://www.princeton.edu/~lynn/chinabib.pdf
         当年我找到这个school list的时候感动和佩服的热泪盈眶。把能在自己的领域开出这样浩瀚的bibliography当做自己的学术目标。
2. 格式规范
        最常用的是MLA，Chicago style。遵循其中一种，保持全文的统一性即可。
MLA：http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
Chicago： http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html
       有的人喜欢在footnote里面夹带一些有趣的观点，不仅仅是citation。之前看过作者有1页半的一条footnote，堪称考据之王。对于申请文章而言，没有必要footnote里面带这么多的货，想要analyze放在正文之中即可。一般而言，申请的footnote里面除了引用，写翻译的原文就可以，或者解释一些不同definitions在本文之中的具体用法。
3. 研究方法
        基本看通这一本，熟练运用即可。
         The Crafts of Research.
        最有用的章节：
3 From Topics to Questions
3.1 From an Interest to a Topic
3.2 From a Broad Topic to a Focused One
3.3 From a Focused Topic to Questions
3.4 From a Question to Its Significance
      Quick Tip: Finding Topics
4 From Questions to a Problem
4.1 Distinguishing Practical and Research Problems
4.2 Understanding the Common Structure of Problems
4.3 Finding a Good Research Problem
4.4 Learning to Work with Problems
      Quick Tip: Disagreeing with Your Sources
5 From Problems to Sources
5.1 Knowing How to Use Three Kinds of Sources
5.2 Locating Sources through a Library
5.3 Locating Sources on the Internet
5.4 Evaluting Sources for Relevance and Reliability
5.5 Following Bibliographic Trails
5.6 Looking beyond Predictable Sources
5.7 Using People as Primary Sources
      Quick Tip: The Ethics of Using People as Sources of Data
6 Engaging Sources
6.1 Knowing What Kind of Evidence to Look For
6.2 Read Complete Bibliographical Data
6.3 Engaging Sources Actively
6.4 Using Secondary Sources to Find a Problem
6.5 Using Secondary Sources to Plan Your Argument
      Quick Tip: Manage Moments of Normal Anxiety
7 Making Good Arguments: An Overview
7.1 Argument as a Conversation with Readers
7.2 Supporting Your Claim
7.3 Acknowledging and Responding to Anticipated Questions and Objections
7.4 Warranting the Relevance of Your Reasons
7.5 Building a Complex Argument Out of Simple Ones
7.6 Creating an Ethos by Thickening Your Argument
      Quick Tip: A Common Mistake – Falling Back on What You Know
8 Claims
8.1 Determining the Kind of Claim You Should Make
8.2 Evaluating Your Claim
      Quick Tip: Qualifying Claims to Enhance Your Credibility
9 Reasons and Evidence
9.1 Using Reasons to Plan Your Argument
9.2 Distinguishing Evidence from Reasons
9.3 Distinguishing Evidence from Reports of It
9.4 Evaluating Evidence
4.同义词
网站名被pb了。
非常非常好用！但是不能机械地用，比如搜一个单词，蹦出一大堆同义词就逮着直接用了。一定要查字典弄明白如何运用。
5. 用手帐／Evernote建立起每天的写作进度。没有规划的写作计划，是拖延症患者的毒药。
6. 论文写作的书籍推荐
        The Nuts and Bolts of College Writing
        比较容易上手的写作指导。
        JStyle: Lessons in Clarity and Grace
        细致介绍如何写好句子。
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