【英语词汇】waste、litter、garbage、trash、rubbish、junk
waste 普通用词，指废物的总称，泛指抛弃不要的东西。可用单数和复数形式表示。
1）One of the big headaches of the cities is how to dispose of garbage, industrial
waste and sewage.
城市最头痛的问题之一是如何处理垃圾、工业废物和污水。
2）They have developed a new method to reclaim wool fibers from textile wastes.
他们已经研发了一种从纺织废料收回羊毛纤维的新方法。
3）Up to 10 million tonnes of toxic wastes are produced every year in the UK.
英国每年会产生多达1,000万吨的有毒废弃物。
4）The unproper disposal of wastes has led to the destruction of water fowl,
shellfish and fishing resources.
船舶废物处理不当已造成水禽类、贝壳类动物及渔业资源的破坏。
litter 多指乱扔的“垃圾”，尤指散落于地，有碍观瞻的废物。
1）Don’t leave litter about in public places.
不要在公共场所到处乱扔垃圾。
2）The litter everywhere in some holiday resorts really makes tourists feel
disgusted.
有些度假胜地到处都是垃圾，真的让游客感到恶心。
3）We saw some dustmen clearing a beach and woodland of litter.
我们看到一些清洁工正在清理海滩和林地的垃圾。
● litter 用作动词，表示“乱扔垃圾”。
1）Don't litter scraps of paper and fruit peels everywhere in the park.
不要在公园里随地乱丢纸屑和果皮。
2）Selfish picnickers litter the beach with food wrappers.
自私的野餐者乱扔包装纸使海滩杂乱不堪。
3）Some large cities are anything but beautiful; their streets are littered with
trash.
有些大城市一点也不漂亮，街道上到处都是乱扔的垃圾。
garbage “垃圾”、“废物”，美国英语中较为常用，通常指需清除的剩余物如食物、饭菜、
罐头等生活垃圾。
1）He collected the garbage from the school kitchen and took it home for his
pigs.
他从学校厨房收集剩余饭菜，带回家喂猪。
2）If all the garbage in the city is not picked up and carried away for a whole
week, it will pile up on streets.
如果城市里的垃圾一个星期不处理，就会堆满街道。
3）Fume produced by garbage incineration contains some harmful materials such as
smoke dust, acidic gas, dioxin, heavy metal and so on.
焚烧生活垃圾产生的烟雾中含有一些有害物质，如烟雾灰尘、酸性气体、二恶英、重金属
等。
4）Piles of garbage and raw sewage would create epidemics, perhaps even
recurrences of plague.
一堆堆垃圾和未经处理的污物可能引起流行病，甚至会再发生瘟疫。
rubbish 普通用词，英国英语中较为常用，指任何成堆的、破损的、用过的或无用的东西，
尤指弃掉的垃圾堆。
1）Litter baskets have been placed under the trees, but people still throw their
rubbish everywhere.
树下都已设置废物筐，但是人们仍到处扔垃圾。
2）Those who throw rubbish out of windows should be fined.
往窗外扔垃圾的人应该被罚款。
3）They dug a big pit to bury all the garden rubbish yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午他们挖了一个大坑将花园里的垃圾统统埋了。
4）Families face being rationed to 80 bags of rubbish a year.
英国家庭面临“每年只能扔80袋垃圾”的限令。
5）No rubbish has been collected since the dustmen went on strike last week .
自从清洁工人上周罢工以来，垃圾一直没有被清理。
● rubbish 可用于比喻“废话”、“没有用的东西”。
1）Don’t trust him. What he said is all rubbish.
别信他的，他说的全是鬼话。
2）All the advertisements featuring ladies being pummeled into shape by some sort
of machine are rubbish.
所有大肆鼓吹女士们通过使某种健身器械而迅速获得好身段的广告都是一派胡言。
3）While some people call them silly rubbish, others regard them as a valuable
collectables.
有人把这些视其为垃圾，而也有人把它们视其为珍藏。
trash 主要用美国英语，相当于garbage, 也可泛指各种垃圾。
1）Don't throw about your trash on the ground.
别将你的垃圾乱丢在地上。
2）She said that she found the baby in a pile of trash in the street corner.
她说她是在街角的一堆垃圾中发现这个弃婴儿的
3）In this city, the punishment for those who litter is picking up trash in the
streets for two hours.
在这个城市，对那些乱扔垃圾的人的惩罚是在街上捡垃圾两个小时。
4）Some children pick up the trash left on the beach by the crowd of a summer
holiday.
有些孩子到海滩上去捡度暑假的人扔下的破烂。
junk 可指“垃圾”，也可指损坏的、陈旧的、无价值的废弃的物品（不一定指垃圾）Junk
可用于修饰名词，如junk food (垃圾食品) 、junk email （垃圾邮件）。
1）There was a lot of junk stuck to the bottom of the trash barrel.
许多垃圾粘在垃圾桶的底部。
2）He threw away all the junk in the boot of the car.
他把汽车行李箱中所有废弃的旧物都扔了出去。
3）I’m trying to clear it of all the junk I have collected over the years.
我正在清理我多年来积聚下来没有用的东西。
4）The used piano he bought yesterday is a piece of junk; it doesn’t work.
他昨天买的二手钢琴是件废物垃圾，它根本弹不了。
5）We should have more fresh and green food and less junk food.
我们应该吃更多的新鲜的绿色食品，少吃垃圾食品。
6）You can increase or decrease the junk e‑mail protection level based on how
much junk e‑mail you receive.
根据接收的垃圾电子邮件的多少，可以提高或降低垃圾电子邮件的保护级别。
1）One of the big headaches of the cities is how to dispose of garbage, industrial
waste and sewage.
城市最头痛的问题之一是如何处理垃圾、工业废物和污水。
2）They have developed a new method to reclaim wool fibers from textile wastes.
他们已经研发了一种从纺织废料收回羊毛纤维的新方法。
3）Up to 10 million tonnes of toxic wastes are produced every year in the UK.
英国每年会产生多达1,000万吨的有毒废弃物。
4）The unproper disposal of wastes has led to the destruction of water fowl,
shellfish and fishing resources.
船舶废物处理不当已造成水禽类、贝壳类动物及渔业资源的破坏。
litter 多指乱扔的“垃圾”，尤指散落于地，有碍观瞻的废物。
1）Don’t leave litter about in public places.
不要在公共场所到处乱扔垃圾。
2）The litter everywhere in some holiday resorts really makes tourists feel
disgusted.
有些度假胜地到处都是垃圾，真的让游客感到恶心。
3）We saw some dustmen clearing a beach and woodland of litter.
我们看到一些清洁工正在清理海滩和林地的垃圾。
● litter 用作动词，表示“乱扔垃圾”。
1）Don't litter scraps of paper and fruit peels everywhere in the park.
不要在公园里随地乱丢纸屑和果皮。
2）Selfish picnickers litter the beach with food wrappers.
自私的野餐者乱扔包装纸使海滩杂乱不堪。
3）Some large cities are anything but beautiful; their streets are littered with
trash.
有些大城市一点也不漂亮，街道上到处都是乱扔的垃圾。
garbage “垃圾”、“废物”，美国英语中较为常用，通常指需清除的剩余物如食物、饭菜、
罐头等生活垃圾。
1）He collected the garbage from the school kitchen and took it home for his
pigs.
他从学校厨房收集剩余饭菜，带回家喂猪。
2）If all the garbage in the city is not picked up and carried away for a whole
week, it will pile up on streets.
如果城市里的垃圾一个星期不处理，就会堆满街道。
3）Fume produced by garbage incineration contains some harmful materials such as
smoke dust, acidic gas, dioxin, heavy metal and so on.
焚烧生活垃圾产生的烟雾中含有一些有害物质，如烟雾灰尘、酸性气体、二恶英、重金属
等。
4）Piles of garbage and raw sewage would create epidemics, perhaps even
recurrences of plague.
一堆堆垃圾和未经处理的污物可能引起流行病，甚至会再发生瘟疫。
rubbish 普通用词，英国英语中较为常用，指任何成堆的、破损的、用过的或无用的东西，
尤指弃掉的垃圾堆。
1）Litter baskets have been placed under the trees, but people still throw their
rubbish everywhere.
树下都已设置废物筐，但是人们仍到处扔垃圾。
2）Those who throw rubbish out of windows should be fined.
往窗外扔垃圾的人应该被罚款。
3）They dug a big pit to bury all the garden rubbish yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午他们挖了一个大坑将花园里的垃圾统统埋了。
4）Families face being rationed to 80 bags of rubbish a year.
英国家庭面临“每年只能扔80袋垃圾”的限令。
5）No rubbish has been collected since the dustmen went on strike last week .
自从清洁工人上周罢工以来，垃圾一直没有被清理。
● rubbish 可用于比喻“废话”、“没有用的东西”。
1）Don’t trust him. What he said is all rubbish.
别信他的，他说的全是鬼话。
2）All the advertisements featuring ladies being pummeled into shape by some sort
of machine are rubbish.
所有大肆鼓吹女士们通过使某种健身器械而迅速获得好身段的广告都是一派胡言。
3）While some people call them silly rubbish, others regard them as a valuable
collectables.
有人把这些视其为垃圾，而也有人把它们视其为珍藏。
trash 主要用美国英语，相当于garbage, 也可泛指各种垃圾。
1）Don't throw about your trash on the ground.
别将你的垃圾乱丢在地上。
2）She said that she found the baby in a pile of trash in the street corner.
她说她是在街角的一堆垃圾中发现这个弃婴儿的
3）In this city, the punishment for those who litter is picking up trash in the
streets for two hours.
在这个城市，对那些乱扔垃圾的人的惩罚是在街上捡垃圾两个小时。
4）Some children pick up the trash left on the beach by the crowd of a summer
holiday.
有些孩子到海滩上去捡度暑假的人扔下的破烂。
junk 可指“垃圾”，也可指损坏的、陈旧的、无价值的废弃的物品（不一定指垃圾）Junk
可用于修饰名词，如junk food (垃圾食品) 、junk email （垃圾邮件）。
1）There was a lot of junk stuck to the bottom of the trash barrel.
许多垃圾粘在垃圾桶的底部。
2）He threw away all the junk in the boot of the car.
他把汽车行李箱中所有废弃的旧物都扔了出去。
3）I’m trying to clear it of all the junk I have collected over the years.
我正在清理我多年来积聚下来没有用的东西。
4）The used piano he bought yesterday is a piece of junk; it doesn’t work.
他昨天买的二手钢琴是件废物垃圾，它根本弹不了。
5）We should have more fresh and green food and less junk food.
我们应该吃更多的新鲜的绿色食品，少吃垃圾食品。
6）You can increase or decrease the junk e‑mail protection level based on how
much junk e‑mail you receive.
根据接收的垃圾电子邮件的多少，可以提高或降低垃圾电子邮件的保护级别。
