【翻译】精神分析技术的基础1.4：作为一个猜疑的逻辑的分析
Analysis as a Logic of Suspicion 作为一个猜疑的逻辑的分析
An "act of speaking" [Un "dire"] is a kin to an event. It is not a quick glimpse or a moment of knowing. . . . Not all speech [parole] is an act of speaking, otherwise all speech would be an event, which is not the case, and we would not speak of "worthless words." — Lacan (1973-1974, December 18, 1973)
一个“说话行动”[Un “dire”]和一个事件是相似的。它不是一个迅速的一瞥，或者一个知道的时刻……不是所有的言说[parole]都是一个说话行动，不然所有的言说都会是一个事件了，然而并非如此，否则我们就不会讲“虚言”了。——拉康（1973-1974，1973.12.18)
It is equivocation, the plurality of meanings, that favors the passage of the unconscious into discourse. — Lacan (19 76, p. 36)
是拥有多个意义的含糊话，支持了通向言说的无意识道路。——拉康（1976，p36）
Repression is our guiding light in psychoanalysis (if you will excuse the paradoxical nature of the metaphor, repression usually being associated with darkness). Virtually everything we do as analysts should be designed to get at the repressed in a more or less direct manner. This is why our constant focus is on what is being left out of the equation, out of the story, out of the picture the analysand paints of himself and of his life. This is why we give special attention to the details of a story that were "accidentally" left out the first time the story was told. This is why our ears perk up when the analysand is suddenly unable to recall the name of his best friend. This is why we are intrigued when a sentence is interrupted and started a new somewhere else (our concern being with the break in the narrative, not its continuity). This is why, like Freud (1900/1958, p. 518), we give extra weight to elements of a dream that were forgotten during the first telling and only remembered later when the analysand is associating to his dream. This is why we may find the stray or offhanded comment he makes on the way out the door after the session to be the most important
压抑在精神分析中是我们的指明灯（如果你会容忍隐喻的悖论性质，以及通常和阴暗联系在一起的压抑的话）。根本上，作为分析师我们所做的一切都应该是以或多或少是直接的方式来解除压抑的。这就是为什么我们持续关注什么正被忽略在分析者描述他自己和他的生活的等式之外，故事之外，画面之外。这是为什么我们特别关注，在一个故事第一次讲述的时候，被“意外地”忽略了的细节。这是为什么我们的耳朵在分析者突然不能回忆起他最好的朋友的名字的时候竖了起来。这是为什么当一个句子被打断而在另一处起头的时候我们感到好奇（我们关心的是叙述的中断，而不是连续性）。正如弗洛伊德所说的，这也是为什么我们给一个梦的元素额外的分量，这个梦在初次讲述的时候被忘掉了，却在后来当分析者联想到他的梦的时候才想起。这也是为什么我们会发现他在会谈后出门的途中所作的偶然的或无准备的评论是最重要的。
To the analyst, every story the analysand tells is suspect. Not only is it likely to be incomplete or too pat, but it is also probably being told here and now for certain strategic or tactical purposes—to please or displease the analyst, to get a rise out of her, to win or lose her hypothetical love, to prop up or destroy a certain image—purposes that may not be out in the open and yet play an important role in the ultimate shape and form the story takes.
对分析师来说，分析者讲的每个故事都是可疑的。不仅是因为它可能是不完整的或预先准备好了的似的。而且也可能是为了某种策略上的目的而在此时此地正被讲述的——使分析师高兴或不快，使她恼怒，去赢得或失去她的假定的爱，去支持或摧毁某个意象——目的可能不是公开的，却在故事所采取的最终的形态和形式中扮演了重要的角色。
The notion that we must approach each new analysand on his own terms, as though he were our first, does not imply that we must act as if we know nothing at all about psychoanalysis— as if we do not know that the presence of symptoms in the analysand's life is indicative of repression (since symptoms represent the return of the repressed), that slips of the tongue and bungled actions are mini-symptoms that also represent the return of the repressed, that the subject's rhetoric can help us pinpoint repression (the most important element in a list often being reserved for last—"my friends and siblings, not to mention my mother," an example of paralipsis or preterition—and the most likely answer to a question often being mentioned under the guise of negation—'The person who punished me the most? I don't think I could say it was my father").15
我们必须以他自己的方式来处理每一个新的分析者，就像他是我们的第一次一样。这个观点并没有暗示我们一定要表现得就像对精神分析一无所知，就像我们不知道在分析者的生活中症状的存在是压抑的表现（因为症状代表了压抑物的返回）。口误和过失同样也是代表了压抑物的返回的迷你症状。主体的修辞帮助我们准确地找出压抑（最重要的元素经常保留到最后，“我的朋友和兄弟姐妹，不提我的母亲”，一个省叙或略过的例子——经常在否认的伪装下被提及的一个问题的最可能的答案——经常惩罚我的那个人？我不认为我能说那是我父亲）。15
Psychoanalysts have been led to examine the analysand's myriad rhetorical ploys in terms of the kinds of defensive moves they involve. Just as dreams form in accordance with condensation and displacement—associated by Lacan (2006, pp. 511-515) with metaphor and metonymy—which disguise unconscious wishes, the analysand's discourse functions in accordance with a plethora of other mechanisms designed to keep the unconscious down. The analysand spontaneously employs rhetorical figures (that are well-known to grammarians and linguists) to keep from saying certain things and to keep certain ideas from surfacing. He eventually fails in this endeavor: Things do slip out, and the analyst, trained to detect these rhetorical ploys—"the psychoanalyst is a rhetorician," said Lacan (1977-1978, November 15, 1977)—learns where to intervene in order to foil them.
精神分析师已经被引向依据分析者参与的那类防御性的行动来检查他们的种种修辞手法。正像梦依据伪装无意识愿望的凝缩和置换——对应于拉康的隐喻和换喻——而形成，分析者的言说的功能与用来维持无意识状态的其他机制的过剩相一致的。分析者不由自主地使用修辞手法（对语法学家和语言学家来说非常熟悉）以避免说出某些事情，以及不让某些观念浮现出来。他最终还是在这种努力中失败了：事情还是会脱口而出，被训练来检测这些修辞活动的分析师——拉康（1977-1978，1977.12.15）说，“精神分析师是一个修辞学家。”——为了阻止它们，知道从哪儿介入。
When someone uses a mixed metaphor, for example, it is often because one of the words in the metaphor that first came to mind is disturbing to that person. One of my analysands once said "stop beating around the issue" when the term "bush" seemed too sexually charged, too likely to bring up sexual thoughts he did not want to discuss (it is sometimes astonishing how quickly such substitutions can be made). We might equally imagine someone saying "stop circling around the bush" when there is a certain sadistic or masochistic thought about beating that the person wants to keep out of sight and out of mind.
例如，当某人使用了一个混合的隐喻的时候，这经常是因为最先进入脑海的隐喻中的词语之一对那个人来说是干扰性的。我的一个分析者曾说，“不要在这个问题上绕圈子了（stop beating around the issue）”，那是在当词语“bush”似乎太有性意味了，很可能唤起他不想讨论的性念头的时候（有时候这种转变是如此之快，让人震惊不已）。当有某种关于拍打（beating）的施虐受虐想法是那个人想要保持在视野之外和抛诸脑后的的时候，我们可能同样会想象某人说“不要在‘bush’上绕圈子了（stop circling around the bush）”。
Mixed metaphors are very common in analysis and in everyday life as well. Of course, at times they can simply imply that the person does not really know the metaphors he is half-using, but most native speakers know at least a lot of the idiomatic expressions they use by heart, and they can be immediately made to wonder why they changed the wording by the analyst simply repeating the changed wording back to them. The mixed metaphor "beating around the issue" can be understood as a compromise formation between "beating around the bush" and "skirting the issue." In rhetorical terms it might be called catachresis, which designates a misuse of words. In either case, it suggests to the attentive clinician that something is being avoided or that another train of thought is interfering with the completion of the initial train of thought.
混合的隐喻在分析与日常生活中是相当普遍的。当然，有时它们能简单地暗示某人并非真地知道他正在半用的隐喻，但是大多数使用母语的人至少熟练地知道很多惯用语，它们可以立马用来怀疑为什么他们在分析师仅仅是把被更改的用词重复给他们听之后，他们改变了用语。混合隐喻“beating around the issue”可以理解为在“beating around the bush”和“skirting the issue”之间的一个妥协形成。在修辞方面，这可能被称为用词不当，意味着词的一种误用。另一方面，这对留心的的临床医师来说暗示着某种东西正在被避开，或者另一思路干扰了最初的思路的完整性。
Let us consider another rhetorical device or trope: Litotes, also known as understatements, are used constantly in sessions, and they are often preceded by a slight pause. One analysand of mine was about to say (as he indicated later), "I really lust after my best friend's wife," but toned it down by saying, "I don't find her unattractive." The slight pause he introduced, combined with the highly constructed double negative, suggested to me that something was likely going unsaid; as it turned out, a certain thought was being circumvented because the analysand had judged it unacceptable, thinking "How can I be so low as to lust after my best friends wife?"
让我们考虑下另一个修辞手法或转喻，反语法，也作为轻描淡写而被知晓，经常在会谈中被用到，也经常出现在一个短暂的停顿之后。我的一个分析者正要说“我是真的渴求我最好的朋友的老婆”但是压下来了，而是说“我没发现她有什么吸引力”。他引入的短暂的停顿，和高度建构的双重否定联合在一起，对我来说暗示了有某种东西可能将说未说；结果是，某一想法正被避开，因为分析者已经把它评判为不可接受的，想着“我怎么能这么下作去渴求我最好朋友的老婆呢？”
Another analysand neglected to provide the last two intended words—"to stop"—of a sentence that she began as follows: "It [her parents holding her down and tickling her until she could barely breathe] would be fun up to a point and then I'd want it . . ." The ellipsis of the words "to stop," which she perhaps felt were obvious given the context, suggested to me a rather different train of thought to which she was perhaps loath to give direct expression: that she would want it to go on forever, get more intense, or even lead to something sexual. I could have said to myself, "I know what she means even if that is not what she said," but when I repeated back her incomplete phrase, "you'd want it . . ." she mentioned that she had been distracted while saying it by indistinct thoughts of an embarrassing kind. Such an ellipsis or elision might have gone unnoticed by her friends in everyday conversation but in the analysis served as a kind of index or telltale sign of concealment.
另一个分析者没有说出最后两个预期的词——“to stop”——那是她以“这[她的父母压住她，然后给她饶痒痒，直到她几乎不能呼吸]在一定程度上会很有意思，然后我会想……”开头而省略的词“to stop”，这显然由语境可以得出她可能感觉到什么，这向我暗示了一个相当不同的思路，就是她可能不情愿给出直接的表达：她会想要这一直持续下去，获得更多紧张感，或者甚至通向某种性欲的东西。我可以对自己这么说，“我知道她的意思，即使那不是她所说的，”但是当我重复给她听那个不完整的句子，“你会想要……”的时候，她提到，在她说那个的时候，自己已经被一个尴尬的模糊的想法弄分心了。这样一个省略或省音，可能已经在日常交流中由她的朋友们忽略了，但在分析中，却是作为一种索引或泄露秘密的隐匿的信号。
As I have indicated elsewhere (Fink, 2004, pp. 72-75), many other rhetorical devices, such as pleonasm, digression, periphrasis, retraction, and irony, can take on a defensive quality, especially in the analytic context. I hope that these three examples suffice to make it clear to what extent such figures of speech are not "mere manners of speaking," as the analysand is inclined to think of them, and that the attentive listener can learn to read them as mile markers along the road toward the repressed. The unconscious at work in dreams employs condensation and displacement, and the analysand in talking about his dreams employs virtually all of rhetoric's figures and tropes. To the analyst, nothing is ever "just a figure of speech." The analyst's mode of listening attends to both what is presented and what is not presented, to both what is enunciated and what is avoided. In essence, it reads all speech as a compromise formation, as produced by competing forces.
正如我在其他地方已经表明了的，很多其他的修辞手法，比如赘语，题外话，迂回说法，收舌音和反语，带有一种防御性质，特别是在分析背景中。我希望这三个例子能够澄清这样的修辞手法的程度并不“仅仅是讲话方式”，正如分析者倾向于认为的，留心的听者能够把它们当作为通往压抑的道路的标志碑。梦工作中的无意识使用了凝缩和置换的机制，分析者在谈论他的梦的过程中实际上使用了所有的修辞格和转义。对分析师来说，没什么是“仅仅个比喻的说法而已”，分析师的倾听模式倾向于共同听到，有什么被呈现出来了以及那些没有被呈现出来的东西，什么被表达出来了以及什么被避免了。大体上，所有的言说都是一种妥协形成，由互相冲突的力量促成的。
When the analyst focuses exclusively on the story or conceptual point being made, she usually cannot hear the figures of speech being employed and thus hears only one level—the level of the meaning the analysand is consciously trying to convey. She fails then to read the several different staffs upon which the music of the analysand's discourse is actually written.
当分析师专门聚焦在故事上或正在形成的概念的角度上，她通常不能听到正在被使用的修辞手法，这样就只能在一个是水平听到，即分析者正有意识地试图传达的意思的水平。然后她就无法读到分析者的言说的乐谱实际上被写在其上的几种不同的五线谱。
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注释：
15It should be clear from my examples that when I say that we must not act as if we know nothing at all about psychoanalysis, I do not mean that it is important for us to 'know" that bulimia is due to x, y, or z, or that stuttering is due to p, q, or r. This kind of "knowledge accumulated in the course of an analyst's experience concerns the imaginary' and "is of no value in [the process of] training analysts" (Lacan 2006, p. 357); the causes of symptoms in different subjects are often so different anyway as to render such global claims useless. What I mean is that it is important for us to keep in mind the most basic theoretical principles of psychoanalytic theory: that a fear often covers over a wish, that expressions of disgust are often signs of repression, that people get a kick out of many things that they say they find repulsive or profess to be afraid of, that "bungled actions are the only actions that are always successful" (Lacan, 2007, p. 65), and so on. In such cases, psychoanalytic theory allows us to see far more than we would see otherwise. As Bowlby (1982) said, "Because of his large store of relevant information about the appearance and habits of birds and plants, the experienced naturalist sees far more than does the tyro" (p. 111).
从我给出的例子来看，当我说我们一定不要表现得好像我们对精神分析一无所知一样的时候，我并不是在说，去“知道”贪食症应归于x，y或z，或者口吃应归于p，q或r，对我们而言是很重要的。这种“在分析师经验的过程中累积的知识关注的是想象”，并且“在培训分析师的过程中没有价值。”（拉康，2006，P357）；不同的主体的症状的原因经常是如此的不同以至于这样的通用的目标没有用。我的意思是，对我们来说牢记精神分析理论的最基本的理论上的原则是很重要的：一种恐惧经常覆盖在一个愿望之上，厌恶的表达经常是压抑的信号，人们对他们说自己发现的很多恶心的或声称是害怕的东西而感到愉快，“笨拙的行为是唯一常常成功的行为”（拉康，2007，P65），等等。这些情况中，精神分析理论允许我们看到的远多于我们通过其他方式会看到的。正如Bowlby（1982）所说，“由于他对鸟和植物的外观与习性的相关信息的大量的储备，有经验的自然学家看到的远比新手要多”（p111）
An "act of speaking" [Un "dire"] is a kin to an event. It is not a quick glimpse or a moment of knowing. . . . Not all speech [parole] is an act of speaking, otherwise all speech would be an event, which is not the case, and we would not speak of "worthless words." — Lacan (1973-1974, December 18, 1973)
一个“说话行动”[Un “dire”]和一个事件是相似的。它不是一个迅速的一瞥，或者一个知道的时刻……不是所有的言说[parole]都是一个说话行动，不然所有的言说都会是一个事件了，然而并非如此，否则我们就不会讲“虚言”了。——拉康（1973-1974，1973.12.18)
It is equivocation, the plurality of meanings, that favors the passage of the unconscious into discourse. — Lacan (19 76, p. 36)
是拥有多个意义的含糊话，支持了通向言说的无意识道路。——拉康（1976，p36）
Repression is our guiding light in psychoanalysis (if you will excuse the paradoxical nature of the metaphor, repression usually being associated with darkness). Virtually everything we do as analysts should be designed to get at the repressed in a more or less direct manner. This is why our constant focus is on what is being left out of the equation, out of the story, out of the picture the analysand paints of himself and of his life. This is why we give special attention to the details of a story that were "accidentally" left out the first time the story was told. This is why our ears perk up when the analysand is suddenly unable to recall the name of his best friend. This is why we are intrigued when a sentence is interrupted and started a new somewhere else (our concern being with the break in the narrative, not its continuity). This is why, like Freud (1900/1958, p. 518), we give extra weight to elements of a dream that were forgotten during the first telling and only remembered later when the analysand is associating to his dream. This is why we may find the stray or offhanded comment he makes on the way out the door after the session to be the most important
压抑在精神分析中是我们的指明灯（如果你会容忍隐喻的悖论性质，以及通常和阴暗联系在一起的压抑的话）。根本上，作为分析师我们所做的一切都应该是以或多或少是直接的方式来解除压抑的。这就是为什么我们持续关注什么正被忽略在分析者描述他自己和他的生活的等式之外，故事之外，画面之外。这是为什么我们特别关注，在一个故事第一次讲述的时候，被“意外地”忽略了的细节。这是为什么我们的耳朵在分析者突然不能回忆起他最好的朋友的名字的时候竖了起来。这是为什么当一个句子被打断而在另一处起头的时候我们感到好奇（我们关心的是叙述的中断，而不是连续性）。正如弗洛伊德所说的，这也是为什么我们给一个梦的元素额外的分量，这个梦在初次讲述的时候被忘掉了，却在后来当分析者联想到他的梦的时候才想起。这也是为什么我们会发现他在会谈后出门的途中所作的偶然的或无准备的评论是最重要的。
To the analyst, every story the analysand tells is suspect. Not only is it likely to be incomplete or too pat, but it is also probably being told here and now for certain strategic or tactical purposes—to please or displease the analyst, to get a rise out of her, to win or lose her hypothetical love, to prop up or destroy a certain image—purposes that may not be out in the open and yet play an important role in the ultimate shape and form the story takes.
对分析师来说，分析者讲的每个故事都是可疑的。不仅是因为它可能是不完整的或预先准备好了的似的。而且也可能是为了某种策略上的目的而在此时此地正被讲述的——使分析师高兴或不快，使她恼怒，去赢得或失去她的假定的爱，去支持或摧毁某个意象——目的可能不是公开的，却在故事所采取的最终的形态和形式中扮演了重要的角色。
The notion that we must approach each new analysand on his own terms, as though he were our first, does not imply that we must act as if we know nothing at all about psychoanalysis— as if we do not know that the presence of symptoms in the analysand's life is indicative of repression (since symptoms represent the return of the repressed), that slips of the tongue and bungled actions are mini-symptoms that also represent the return of the repressed, that the subject's rhetoric can help us pinpoint repression (the most important element in a list often being reserved for last—"my friends and siblings, not to mention my mother," an example of paralipsis or preterition—and the most likely answer to a question often being mentioned under the guise of negation—'The person who punished me the most? I don't think I could say it was my father").15
我们必须以他自己的方式来处理每一个新的分析者，就像他是我们的第一次一样。这个观点并没有暗示我们一定要表现得就像对精神分析一无所知，就像我们不知道在分析者的生活中症状的存在是压抑的表现（因为症状代表了压抑物的返回）。口误和过失同样也是代表了压抑物的返回的迷你症状。主体的修辞帮助我们准确地找出压抑（最重要的元素经常保留到最后，“我的朋友和兄弟姐妹，不提我的母亲”，一个省叙或略过的例子——经常在否认的伪装下被提及的一个问题的最可能的答案——经常惩罚我的那个人？我不认为我能说那是我父亲）。15
Psychoanalysts have been led to examine the analysand's myriad rhetorical ploys in terms of the kinds of defensive moves they involve. Just as dreams form in accordance with condensation and displacement—associated by Lacan (2006, pp. 511-515) with metaphor and metonymy—which disguise unconscious wishes, the analysand's discourse functions in accordance with a plethora of other mechanisms designed to keep the unconscious down. The analysand spontaneously employs rhetorical figures (that are well-known to grammarians and linguists) to keep from saying certain things and to keep certain ideas from surfacing. He eventually fails in this endeavor: Things do slip out, and the analyst, trained to detect these rhetorical ploys—"the psychoanalyst is a rhetorician," said Lacan (1977-1978, November 15, 1977)—learns where to intervene in order to foil them.
精神分析师已经被引向依据分析者参与的那类防御性的行动来检查他们的种种修辞手法。正像梦依据伪装无意识愿望的凝缩和置换——对应于拉康的隐喻和换喻——而形成，分析者的言说的功能与用来维持无意识状态的其他机制的过剩相一致的。分析者不由自主地使用修辞手法（对语法学家和语言学家来说非常熟悉）以避免说出某些事情，以及不让某些观念浮现出来。他最终还是在这种努力中失败了：事情还是会脱口而出，被训练来检测这些修辞活动的分析师——拉康（1977-1978，1977.12.15）说，“精神分析师是一个修辞学家。”——为了阻止它们，知道从哪儿介入。
When someone uses a mixed metaphor, for example, it is often because one of the words in the metaphor that first came to mind is disturbing to that person. One of my analysands once said "stop beating around the issue" when the term "bush" seemed too sexually charged, too likely to bring up sexual thoughts he did not want to discuss (it is sometimes astonishing how quickly such substitutions can be made). We might equally imagine someone saying "stop circling around the bush" when there is a certain sadistic or masochistic thought about beating that the person wants to keep out of sight and out of mind.
例如，当某人使用了一个混合的隐喻的时候，这经常是因为最先进入脑海的隐喻中的词语之一对那个人来说是干扰性的。我的一个分析者曾说，“不要在这个问题上绕圈子了（stop beating around the issue）”，那是在当词语“bush”似乎太有性意味了，很可能唤起他不想讨论的性念头的时候（有时候这种转变是如此之快，让人震惊不已）。当有某种关于拍打（beating）的施虐受虐想法是那个人想要保持在视野之外和抛诸脑后的的时候，我们可能同样会想象某人说“不要在‘bush’上绕圈子了（stop circling around the bush）”。
Mixed metaphors are very common in analysis and in everyday life as well. Of course, at times they can simply imply that the person does not really know the metaphors he is half-using, but most native speakers know at least a lot of the idiomatic expressions they use by heart, and they can be immediately made to wonder why they changed the wording by the analyst simply repeating the changed wording back to them. The mixed metaphor "beating around the issue" can be understood as a compromise formation between "beating around the bush" and "skirting the issue." In rhetorical terms it might be called catachresis, which designates a misuse of words. In either case, it suggests to the attentive clinician that something is being avoided or that another train of thought is interfering with the completion of the initial train of thought.
混合的隐喻在分析与日常生活中是相当普遍的。当然，有时它们能简单地暗示某人并非真地知道他正在半用的隐喻，但是大多数使用母语的人至少熟练地知道很多惯用语，它们可以立马用来怀疑为什么他们在分析师仅仅是把被更改的用词重复给他们听之后，他们改变了用语。混合隐喻“beating around the issue”可以理解为在“beating around the bush”和“skirting the issue”之间的一个妥协形成。在修辞方面，这可能被称为用词不当，意味着词的一种误用。另一方面，这对留心的的临床医师来说暗示着某种东西正在被避开，或者另一思路干扰了最初的思路的完整性。
Let us consider another rhetorical device or trope: Litotes, also known as understatements, are used constantly in sessions, and they are often preceded by a slight pause. One analysand of mine was about to say (as he indicated later), "I really lust after my best friend's wife," but toned it down by saying, "I don't find her unattractive." The slight pause he introduced, combined with the highly constructed double negative, suggested to me that something was likely going unsaid; as it turned out, a certain thought was being circumvented because the analysand had judged it unacceptable, thinking "How can I be so low as to lust after my best friends wife?"
让我们考虑下另一个修辞手法或转喻，反语法，也作为轻描淡写而被知晓，经常在会谈中被用到，也经常出现在一个短暂的停顿之后。我的一个分析者正要说“我是真的渴求我最好的朋友的老婆”但是压下来了，而是说“我没发现她有什么吸引力”。他引入的短暂的停顿，和高度建构的双重否定联合在一起，对我来说暗示了有某种东西可能将说未说；结果是，某一想法正被避开，因为分析者已经把它评判为不可接受的，想着“我怎么能这么下作去渴求我最好朋友的老婆呢？”
Another analysand neglected to provide the last two intended words—"to stop"—of a sentence that she began as follows: "It [her parents holding her down and tickling her until she could barely breathe] would be fun up to a point and then I'd want it . . ." The ellipsis of the words "to stop," which she perhaps felt were obvious given the context, suggested to me a rather different train of thought to which she was perhaps loath to give direct expression: that she would want it to go on forever, get more intense, or even lead to something sexual. I could have said to myself, "I know what she means even if that is not what she said," but when I repeated back her incomplete phrase, "you'd want it . . ." she mentioned that she had been distracted while saying it by indistinct thoughts of an embarrassing kind. Such an ellipsis or elision might have gone unnoticed by her friends in everyday conversation but in the analysis served as a kind of index or telltale sign of concealment.
另一个分析者没有说出最后两个预期的词——“to stop”——那是她以“这[她的父母压住她，然后给她饶痒痒，直到她几乎不能呼吸]在一定程度上会很有意思，然后我会想……”开头而省略的词“to stop”，这显然由语境可以得出她可能感觉到什么，这向我暗示了一个相当不同的思路，就是她可能不情愿给出直接的表达：她会想要这一直持续下去，获得更多紧张感，或者甚至通向某种性欲的东西。我可以对自己这么说，“我知道她的意思，即使那不是她所说的，”但是当我重复给她听那个不完整的句子，“你会想要……”的时候，她提到，在她说那个的时候，自己已经被一个尴尬的模糊的想法弄分心了。这样一个省略或省音，可能已经在日常交流中由她的朋友们忽略了，但在分析中，却是作为一种索引或泄露秘密的隐匿的信号。
As I have indicated elsewhere (Fink, 2004, pp. 72-75), many other rhetorical devices, such as pleonasm, digression, periphrasis, retraction, and irony, can take on a defensive quality, especially in the analytic context. I hope that these three examples suffice to make it clear to what extent such figures of speech are not "mere manners of speaking," as the analysand is inclined to think of them, and that the attentive listener can learn to read them as mile markers along the road toward the repressed. The unconscious at work in dreams employs condensation and displacement, and the analysand in talking about his dreams employs virtually all of rhetoric's figures and tropes. To the analyst, nothing is ever "just a figure of speech." The analyst's mode of listening attends to both what is presented and what is not presented, to both what is enunciated and what is avoided. In essence, it reads all speech as a compromise formation, as produced by competing forces.
正如我在其他地方已经表明了的，很多其他的修辞手法，比如赘语，题外话，迂回说法，收舌音和反语，带有一种防御性质，特别是在分析背景中。我希望这三个例子能够澄清这样的修辞手法的程度并不“仅仅是讲话方式”，正如分析者倾向于认为的，留心的听者能够把它们当作为通往压抑的道路的标志碑。梦工作中的无意识使用了凝缩和置换的机制，分析者在谈论他的梦的过程中实际上使用了所有的修辞格和转义。对分析师来说，没什么是“仅仅个比喻的说法而已”，分析师的倾听模式倾向于共同听到，有什么被呈现出来了以及那些没有被呈现出来的东西，什么被表达出来了以及什么被避免了。大体上，所有的言说都是一种妥协形成，由互相冲突的力量促成的。
When the analyst focuses exclusively on the story or conceptual point being made, she usually cannot hear the figures of speech being employed and thus hears only one level—the level of the meaning the analysand is consciously trying to convey. She fails then to read the several different staffs upon which the music of the analysand's discourse is actually written.
当分析师专门聚焦在故事上或正在形成的概念的角度上，她通常不能听到正在被使用的修辞手法，这样就只能在一个是水平听到，即分析者正有意识地试图传达的意思的水平。然后她就无法读到分析者的言说的乐谱实际上被写在其上的几种不同的五线谱。
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注释：
15It should be clear from my examples that when I say that we must not act as if we know nothing at all about psychoanalysis, I do not mean that it is important for us to 'know" that bulimia is due to x, y, or z, or that stuttering is due to p, q, or r. This kind of "knowledge accumulated in the course of an analyst's experience concerns the imaginary' and "is of no value in [the process of] training analysts" (Lacan 2006, p. 357); the causes of symptoms in different subjects are often so different anyway as to render such global claims useless. What I mean is that it is important for us to keep in mind the most basic theoretical principles of psychoanalytic theory: that a fear often covers over a wish, that expressions of disgust are often signs of repression, that people get a kick out of many things that they say they find repulsive or profess to be afraid of, that "bungled actions are the only actions that are always successful" (Lacan, 2007, p. 65), and so on. In such cases, psychoanalytic theory allows us to see far more than we would see otherwise. As Bowlby (1982) said, "Because of his large store of relevant information about the appearance and habits of birds and plants, the experienced naturalist sees far more than does the tyro" (p. 111).
从我给出的例子来看，当我说我们一定不要表现得好像我们对精神分析一无所知一样的时候，我并不是在说，去“知道”贪食症应归于x，y或z，或者口吃应归于p，q或r，对我们而言是很重要的。这种“在分析师经验的过程中累积的知识关注的是想象”，并且“在培训分析师的过程中没有价值。”（拉康，2006，P357）；不同的主体的症状的原因经常是如此的不同以至于这样的通用的目标没有用。我的意思是，对我们来说牢记精神分析理论的最基本的理论上的原则是很重要的：一种恐惧经常覆盖在一个愿望之上，厌恶的表达经常是压抑的信号，人们对他们说自己发现的很多恶心的或声称是害怕的东西而感到愉快，“笨拙的行为是唯一常常成功的行为”（拉康，2007，P65），等等。这些情况中，精神分析理论允许我们看到的远多于我们通过其他方式会看到的。正如Bowlby（1982）所说，“由于他对鸟和植物的外观与习性的相关信息的大量的储备，有经验的自然学家看到的远比新手要多”（p111）
