Adolescence #4,5,6

Chapter 4

Parents who believe in the stereotype that adolescents are difficult are more likely to have more negative relationships with their adolescent---known as a self-fulfilling prophecy. ---an expectation that is realized because we act in ways that make it happen.

Difference in opinions for matters of personal taste (style of dress, music preferences, leisure activities).

-adolescents rarely rebel against their parents for the sake of rebelling.

-more willing to accept parents' rules when agreement that the issuer is a moral one, but less inclined to accept parents' authority when they view the issue as personal.

Family systems theory- a perspective on family functioning that emphasizes interconnections among different family relationships (such as marital, parent-child, sibling).

It suggests that -relationships in families change most dramatically during times when individual family members or the family's circumstances are changing, because it is during these times that the family's equilibrium often is upset. -families must adapt to the changing needs and capabilities of each of their members. -families move through phases and stages in their development that make up a family life cycle.

Parents' mental health is worse when teenage children living at home than it is once they have moved out. And... when children leave home, it is fathers, not mothers, who typically feel the greatest sense of loss.

Though USA families are more likely to have an individualistic orientation, immigrant families seem to place an especially high value on the needs of one's family taking precedence over the needs of the individual. Familism. Generational dissonance.

Key Terms

Chapter 4

authoritarian parents: parents who use punitive,absolute and forceful discipline and who place a premium on obedience and conformity.

authoritative parents: parents who use warmth, firm control and rational issue oriented discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self direction.

behavioral genetics: the scientific study of genetic influences on behavior.

familism: an orientation toward life in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual.

family systems theory: a perspective on family functioning that emphasizes interconnections among different family relationships ( such as marital, parent child , sibling)

foster care: a placement in a temporary living arrangement when a child's parents are not able to provide care, nurturance or safety.

generational dissonance: divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and american born adolescents.

indifferent parents

indulgent parents

midlife crisis: a psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45, the age range of most adolescents' parents.

nonshared environmental influences: the nongenetic influences in individuals' lives that make them different from people they live with.

parental demandingness

parental responsiveness

self-fulfilling prophecy

shared environmental influences: nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other.

sibling deidentification: the process through which siblings deliberately try to be different from each other.

sibling rivalry: competition between siblings, often for parental attention.

Chapter 5

age grading: the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age.

baby boom: the period following World War II, during which the number of infants born was extremely large.

cliques: small, tightly knit groups of between 2 and 12 friends, generally of the same sex and age.

crowds: large, loosely organized groups of young people, composed of several cliques and typically organized around a common shared activity.

cyberbullying：bullying that occurs over the internet or via cell phones.

ethnography: a type of research in which individuals are observed in their natural settings.

gangs: are antisocial peer groups that can be identified by name (often denoting a neighborhood or part of the city) and common symbols (colors tattoos band signs jewelry, etc)

hostile attributional bias: the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile.

iatrogenic effects: unintended adverse consequences of a treatment of intervention.

instrumental aggression: aggressive behavior that is deliberate and planned.

peer groups

perceived popularity: how much status or prestige an individual has. (Leader of crowd)

reactive aggression: aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive.

reference groups: a group against which an individual compares him or herself.

relational aggression: acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of his or her relationships with others, as in malicious gossip.

sociometric popularity: how well liked an individual is. (Nice person, good sense of humor)

Chapter 6

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)：a biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsively inattentiveness and restlessness. Often in school situations.

big fish–little pond effect: the reason that individuals who attend high school with high achieving peers feel worse about themselves than comparably successful individuals with lower achieving peers.

charter schools: public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices.

Common Core: a proposed set of standards in language arts and mathematics that all american schools would be expected to use.

comprehensive high school: an educational institution that evolved during the first half of the twentieth century, offering a varied curriculum and designed to meet the needs of a diverse population of adolescents.

critical thinking: thinking that involves analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting information, rather than simply memorizing it.

dyscalculia: impaired ability in arithmetic.

dysgraphia: impaired ability in handwriting.

dyslexia: impaired ability in reading and spelling.

gifted students: students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance.

junior high school: which contained the 7th, 8th and sometimes 9th grades was born.

learning disability: a difficulty with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional problem or sensory dysfunction.

mainstreaming: the integration of adolescents who have educational handicaps into regular classrooms.

middle school：a three or four year school housing the 7th and 8th grades with one or more younger grades---gained in popularity, replacing the junior high school in many districts.

school vouchers: government subsidized vouchers that can be used for private school tuition.

schools within schools: subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of belongingness.

secondary educational system

social capital: the interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family. (Accident, 卫生，通讯）

social promotion: the practice of promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance.

standards-based reform: policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests.

student engagement： the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work.

tracking: the practice of separating students into ability groups, so that they take classes with peers at the same skill level.