科技知识

1. （2018.1.1，互联网）互联网下半场

业内普遍认为，2017年，中国互联网进入“下半场”：即告别网民基数增长为基础的红利型增长方式，向注重单个用户价值的效率型转变。

（1）第一次互联网人口红利（2010年-2015年）。 中国移动互联网大约从2010年启动，代表产品是微博、微信，硬件上小米赶上了风口。衰落标志：小米等互联网手机卖不动了。原因：电商基础设施较好的大城市中，移动终端用户数量达到饱和（城市移动互联网用户饱和）。

（2）第二波互联网人口红利（2015年开始）。VO等传统手机通过线下渠道走进了三四线以下的广大用户。代表产品：今日头条、快手视频。

2.（AI）人工智能三大学派

（1）符号主义（学派）：又称逻辑主义。原理：物理符号系统。起源：逻辑推理。 （2）连接主义：又称仿生学派。原理：神经网络和神经网络之间的连接与学习算法。起源：对人脑结构的研究。 （3）行为主义：控制论学派。原理：控制论及感知。起源：控制论。

争论：符号主义认为人的认知基本元素是符号，认知过程即符号操作过程（功能模拟方法）；连接主义认为人的认知基本元素是神经元（结构模拟）；行为主义认为智能来源于感知和行动（行为模拟）。

AI对社会结构的影响：人-机器的二元社会结构→人-智能机器-机器的三元结构

3.（1.8）（科技、AI）超未来世界

超元域1.0:，保留躯体，如VR；超元域2.0:完全不需要躯体，将意识上传到云端，在在线云端里以数字信号的形式生活。超元域2.0可能会引发针对心智的数字犯罪。

我评：你的世界就是超元域，你如果不让超元域搜集你的想法和记忆，你就无法存在。这就类似于现在的大科技公司搜集你的个人信息的状况：现在你不同意大公司搜集你的个人信息尚可，等将来人人都将自己接入网络，你却身处事外，那么你将感受到绝对的孤独。

心灵融合:几千年后，以文字为基础的传统语言将成为古代历史，人类将以光速进行沟通；而这将改变我们存在的本质。过程如下——①心电感应（具有同理心的实时沉浸式沟通）:利用植入大脑的与超高速网络相连微小纳米芯片，实现脑对脑沟通的梦想 。同时也终结了隐私。②集群智能:结合彼此的连接和脑对脑的沟通将能合并彼此相异的独特见解，大大提升人类智慧。③:蜂巢心智:人类个体抛开个体意识，将个别心智融合成单一意识，全人类结合成一个巨大的超级智慧体。

①问题:隐私荡然无存。黑客会盗取我们的意识与想法，甚至控制你的心智。我们甚至不敢去想那些“黑暗的”想法，因为每个人的大脑都是相连的，人人都可以感知到你内心深处的想法（那样的生活将多么压抑！）。

②关于“集群智能”:关键是群体内可迅速沟通。人类无法实现集群智能，是因为我们沟通的媒介是语言。大脑处理信息的效率比语言沟通的效率高。 语言是思想的媒介，但终究不是思想本身。用思想来沟通将更加高效。

③关于蜂巢智能:定义个体的“自我意识”在心灵融合的的第三阶段，将会收到动摇。

4.（AI）技术是有倾向的吗？ 在《连线》杂志网站上的一篇文章《当看到黑猩猩时，谷歌相册对其视而不见》提到，谷歌相册将他和他的黑人朋友的照片标记为“黑猩猩”。此后谷歌不再将黑猩猩标签应用于该服务中。 两年多以后，其中一项修正将黑猩猩和其他灵长类动物名称从谷歌相册的词库中移除。

在美国十分重视“政治正确”的情境下，不知会否哪天自动驾驶汽车撞了黑人，导致有人抨击无人驾驶的算法不利于黑人？或者不远的AI时代，AI被设计成执行种族清洗的高效机器？如果真能那样，希特勒在九泉之下也会很“欣慰”的。原文链接：When It Comes to Gorillas, Google Photos Remains Blind

5.（科技）When It Comes to Gorillas, Google Photos Remains Blind 摘录

A black software developer embarrassed Google by tweeting that the company’s Photos service had labeled photos of him with a black friend as “gorillas.” An engineer who became the public face of the clean-up operation said the label gorilla would no longer be applied to groups of images. In a third test attempting to assess Google Photos’ view of people, WIRED also uploaded a collection of more than 10,000 images used in facial-recognition research. The search term “African american” turned up only an image of grazing antelope. Typing “black man,” “black woman,” or “black person,” caused Google’s system to return black-and-white images of people, correctly sorted by gender, but not filtered by race. The only search terms with results that appeared to select for people with darker skin tones were “afro” and “African,” although results were mixed（政治正确） Google’s caution around images of gorillas illustrates a shortcoming of existing machine-learning technology. With enough data and computing power, software can be trained to categorize images or transcribe speech to a high level of accuracy. But it can’t easily go beyond the experience of that training. And even the very best algorithms lack the ability to use common sense, or abstract concepts, to refine their interpretation of the world as humans do.

6.（科技）The Kindle Changed the Book Business. Can It Change Books? 摘录

In a world filled with distractions and notifications and devices that do everything, the Kindle's lack of features becomes its greatest asset. Everyone at Amazon likes to say that paper is great technology, and they seem genuinely uninterested in rendering paper obsolete. They're just trying to make paper that connects to the internet. The Kindle they've always imagined is thin as paper, as light as paper, as flexible and durable as paper. That's why E Ink technology was so crucial to the Kindle's development: It didn't consume much battery, didn't require a backlight or hurt your eyes to look at, and just sort of looked like paper. Amazon's heard from so many customers over the years that they love their Kindle precisely for all the things it doesn't do. It's a respite from Facebook and news alerts, push notifications and emails. Reading is about focus, about falling out of your life and into a story, and so the Kindle is about those things too. What's crystal clear is that ebooks won't unseat print anytime soon. People like the feel of a book, like the sense of place they get from holding the opened pages in their two hands, like the way they look on a coffee table. The study found that people were nearly four times as likely to read a book on a tablet in 2016 as they had been five years earlier. Amazon has invested in combining its Audible ebooks with the Kindle service, so users can flip between reading and listening with the touch of a button. The company is also looking for ways to make Alexa's voice more natural, the better for long-form book listening. Until we can answer every question that a customer would want to ask about a given book or given author, we're not there yet. It was essentially a marketing tactic, a way to make traditional book readers comfortable with e-books. But it was never anything more than a temporary tactic. The next phase for the digital book seems likely to not resemble print at all. Instead, the next step is for authors, publishers, and readers to take advantage of all the tools now at their disposal and figure out how to reinvent longform reading. The challenge for all these new formats, though, is that there's no larger system that helps people make, sell, and consume them. That's because Amazon has more or less vertically integrated the entire book industry within its walls, building a complete reading universe of its own making. Bezos also wrote in that letter that he was "convinced books are on the verge of being improved upon," and that there was no guarantee Amazon would be the one to lead that charge. A decade later, books haven't changed much at all. And only Amazon has the clout to really drive what could and should come next. Not by making pixels just like paper, but by embracing the difference.

7.（社交媒体）（可配合1.25那篇翻译文章阅读）鲁伯特·默多克对Facebook修改算法之行为的评论—— Rupert Murdoch: Facebook has become 'inherently unreliable' and should pay publishers for posting on the site