噪音污染_经济学人笔记
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新词和新义：
carriage 〔火车的〕客车厢
stereo 立体声音响 （设备）
• a stereo with good speakers 扬声器音质好的立体声音响
• on a stereo
• He was listening to the Beatles on the car stereo. 他在听汽车立体声音响播放的披头士乐队的歌。
• in stereo 用立体声播放的
chatter n. 聊天，闲谈；唠叨
• Jane’s constant chatter was annoying him. 简不停的唠叨惹恼了他。
• gossip and idle chatter 闲言碎语和唠叨
• She was full of chatter about her new friends. 她一个劲地聊她的新朋友。
[+ of]
• the excited chatter of the audience 观众兴奋的交谈
inane 愚蠢至极的；无意义的，空洞的
• Most pop lyrics are pretty inane. 大部分流行歌曲的歌词都相当空洞。
• an inane remark 空话
babbler n. 胡说之人；说话模糊不清的人
end up 最后来到
• She fled with her children, moving from neighbour to neighbour and ending up in a friend's basement.
她和她的孩子们逃走了，从一家邻居转到另一家，最终来到一个朋友家的地下室。
commitment 义务、承诺
• Are you ready to make a long-term commitment ? 你是否准备好作出长久的承诺？
[+ to]
• Our company has a commitment to quality and customer service. 我们公司对质量和客户服务作出承诺。
permanent 长久的；永久的，永恒的
• He gave up a permanent job in order to freelance. 他放弃了固定工作，为的是当一名自由职业者。
• a permanent change in your eating habits 饮食习惯的永久改变
• The blindness that the disease causes will be permanent. 这种疾病引起的失明是永久性的。
• Miller soon became a permanent fixture (= someone or something that is always there ) on the team. 米勒很快就成为球队的固定队员。
invest in 〔政府、企业或机构〕把〔资金〕投入，投资 invest (sth) in sth
• The city has invested millions of dollars in the museum. 这座城市对该博物馆已投入了数百万美元。
• The factory plans to invest in new computers. 该工厂计划投资购买新电脑
signal-jamming 信号干扰
jam: to deliberately prevent broadcasts or other electronic signals from being received, by broadcasting signals on the same wavelength 干扰〔无线电广播或其他电子信号〕
put a price on 给某物设定价格
• No one can put a price on an organ which is going to save someone's life.
没有人能对一种有助于拯救某人生命的器官设定价格。
• The newspaper, which cited a person close to the negotiations, did not put a price on the acquisition.
该报纸引用一位参与谈判的知情人士的话，但未谈到收购价格。
fine 对…处以罚款 fine sb for (doing) sth
• She was fined for speeding. 她因超速驾车而被罚款 。
fine sb £200/$500 etc
• The club was fined £50,000 for financial irregularities. 这家俱乐部因财务违规被罚款5万英镑。
n. [C ] 罚金，罚款
• a £40 fine 40英镑罚款
• Councils will get sweeping powers to impose fines on drivers who park illegally. 各市政会将有绝对权力对违章停车者处以罚款。
pay a fine/pay £100/$50 etc in fines
• She was ordered to pay £150 in parking fines, plus court costs. 她被责令支付150英镑停车罚金，外加诉讼费。
heavy/hefty fine (=a large fine)巨额罚金
• If convicted, the men face heavy fines. 一旦定罪，这些人将面临巨额罚金。
make a din 发出喧闹声
• They make a constant din and cause acute pollution.
这些摩托车喧嚣不断，还会造成严重污染。
din〔持久的〕嘈杂声，喧闹声
[+ of]
• The din of the engines was deafening. 引擎的噪声震耳欲聋。
above the din
• Ged was trying to make himself heard above the din. 格德试图让人们在嘈杂的声音中听到他说的话。
dissuade 劝阻
dissuade sb from (doing) sth
• a campaign to dissuade young people from smoking 劝阻青年人吸烟的宣传活动
neat 简洁的；睿智的；灵巧的
• In the end we found a very neat solution to the problem. 最后我们找到了一个解决这个问题的巧妙办法。
• a neat summary of the main issues 对主要问题的简明总结
costly adj. 昂贵的；〔尤指〕花太多钱的
• Such a database would be extremely costly to set up. 建立这样一个数据库要花很多钱。
enforcement 执行
• law enforcement 执法
tack 方针；方法；思路
• If that doesn’t work, we’ll try a different tack . 如果那样不行，我们将试试别的方法。
• Rudy changed tack , his tone suddenly becoming friendly. 鲁迪改变策略，语气突然变得友好起来。
tact 得体；乖巧；机敏
• With great tact, Clive persuaded her to apologize. 克莱夫十分巧妙地说服了她去道歉。
an optional extra 可选的另外收费的事物
extra 另外收费的事物
• Tinted windows and a sunroof are optional extras (= something that you can choose to have or not ). 有色玻璃窗和车顶天窗是备选的配件，要另收费。
• Be careful, there may be hidden extras (= additional charges which you are not told about ). 要当心一点，可能会有隐藏的额外费用。
• It’s got lots of useful little extras. 它有不少实用小配件出售。
ride 〔乘车的〕旅行；旅程 a journey in a vehicle, when you are not driving
• Can you give me a ride back to town? 你能捎我回镇上吗？
• Sammy had promised to take me for a ride in his truck. 萨米答应让我坐他的卡车去兜风。
• I managed to get a ride down to the station. 我设法搭了便车去车站。
• We hitched a ride (= got a free ride from a passing vehicle ) into town. 我们拦了一辆便车进城。
[+ in]
• He invited me to go for a ride in his new car. 他邀请我坐他的新车去兜风。
car/bus/train etc ride
• A fifteen minute taxi ride will take you to the airport. 坐出租车15分钟就能到机场。
a smooth/comfortable/bumpy etc ride
• The new model offers a lovely smooth, comfortable ride. 这款新车乘坐平稳舒适。
tricky 难对付的，棘手的；问题很多的
something that is difficult to deal with or do because it is complicated and full of problems
• I can get you tickets for the show but it’ll be tricky. 我能给你弄到演出的票，但会很费事。
• She had helped him out of a tricky situation. 她帮助他脱离了困境。
• Merging the two companies was bound to be tricky. 合并两家公司肯定不好办。
premium 加付款；额外费用
[C] an additional amount of money, above a standard rate or amount
• Consumers are prepared to pay a premium for organically grown vegetables. 消费者愿意多花钱购买有机蔬菜。
• Top quality cigars are being sold at a premium . 优质雪茄售价很高。
chatter away 喋喋不休
• I am placing my mind elsewhere while you chatter away.
当你喋喋不休的时候我正在别处神游。
offset 补偿，抵销
if the cost or amount of something offsets another cost or amount, the two things have an opposite effect so that the situation remains the same
• Cuts in food prices will be offset by direct payments to farmers. 食品降价将通过直接付款给农民的方式进行补偿。
offset sth against sth
• He was able to offset his travel expenses against tax. 他可以用旅费抵税。
norm 常态；标准；准则；规范
the usual or normal situation, way of doing something etc
• Joyce’s style of writing was a striking departure from the literary norm. 乔伊斯的写作风格与传统的文学风格大相径庭。
be/become the norm
• Short term contracts are now the norm with some big companies. 签订短期合同是目前一些大公司的惯常做法。
token 象征性的〔指为了表示守信而做，并将会做得更多〕（只用于名词前）
done as a first sign that an agreement, promise etc will be kept and that more will be done later
• A small token payment will keep the bank happy. 象征性地付点钱，银行就会满意了。
come into play 开始活动；开始起作用
• Human lips are densely packed with sensory neurons - more than in most regions of the body - but the tongue, nose and cheeks also come into play.
人的嘴唇上分布着密密麻麻的感觉神经元，比身体上大多数部位都多，不过舌头、鼻子、脸颊也会起到一定作用。
headphone [常用复数]耳机，头戴式受话器
a personal bubble 个人空间
• It creates a personal Wi-Fi bubble, a portable, powerful, password-protected wireless hot spot that, because it’s the size of a porky credit card, can go with you everywhere.
它为个人用户创造了一个Wi-Fi环境，一个便携、功能强大且有密码保护的无线热点，信用卡大小的体型也便于随身携带
noise-cancelling
decision-making
hard-won
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Noise pollution
噪音污染
Shhhh!
嘘！小声点！
Why quiet carriages don’t work, and how they might be made to?
安静车厢的推广之途屡屡受挫。原因何在，如何改之？
QUIET carriages on trains are a nice idea: travellers voluntarily switch phones to silent, turn stereos off and keep chatter to a minimum. In reality, there is usually at least one inane babbler to break the silence.
在列车上设 “安静车厢”是个不错的想法：旅客们自觉将手机调成静音，关掉随身听，轻声地交谈。而在现实中，通常至少会蹦出一个无脑的大嘴巴打破车厢的宁静气氛。
A couple of problems prevent peaceful trips. First, there is a sorting problem: some passengers end up in the quiet carriage by accident and are not aware of the rules. Second, there is a commitment problem: noise is sometimes made by travellers who choose the quiet carriage but find an important call hard to ignore.
安静之旅基于以下一些原因无法实现。首先是车厢分类问题：一些乘客阴差阳错的坐到了安静车厢，而没有留意乘车守则。其次是乘车义务问题：选择就坐安静车厢的乘客在途中接到一通无法忽视的重要电话，无奈之下发出了声响。
The train operators are trying to find answers. Trains in Queensland Australia, are having permanent signs added to show exactly what is expected; a British operator has invested in signal-jamming technology to prevent phone calls. Microeconomics suggests another approach: putting a price on noise.
列车运营商正试图找寻解决之道。 澳大利亚昆士兰州的火车里常设标识，提醒乘客遵守乘车守则；英国的一家列车运营商引用信号干扰技术来避免电话骚扰。而微观经济学则提出了另一种方法——金钱同噪音挂钩。
Fining people for making a din would surely dissuade the polluter and is a neat solution in theory, but it requires costly monitoring and enforcement. Another tack would be to use prices to separate quiet and noisy passengers—in effect, creating a market for silence. A simple idea would be to sell access to the quiet carriage as an optional extra when the ticket is bought. Making the quiet coach both an active choice and a costly one would dissuade many of those who do not value a peaceful ride.
开噪音罚单肯定会减少噪声污染者，并且从理论上讲乃一剂良方，但此方案需耗费大量监管和执行费。另一种方案是从票价上区分喜静的和喜闹的乘客，实际上是开辟“花钱买清静”的交易。一种简单的区分方法是，售票时提供安静车厢选项，乘客可选择支付额外费用在安静区就坐。如此一来，“安静座位”不仅可由乘客主动选择，高票价还可将大量不珍惜安静旅途的人拒之门外。
Charging may also solve the commitment problem. This is particularly tricky, as attitudes to noise can change during the journey. Some passengers would pay the quiet premium but still chatter away when some vital news arrives. Schemes that reward the silent—a ratings system among fellow passengers, for example— could help. The idea is that losing your hard-won reputation offsets the short-term gain from using the phone. But such a system also fails the simplicity test.
收费也有可能解决义务问题。乘客对待噪音的态度在旅途中或多或少会有所改变，这就使得义务问题变得尤为复杂——有些乘客虽然愿意额外花钱到安静车厢就坐，而在看到某些重要新闻时，仍旧按耐不住自己开始喋喋不休。旨在奖励安静乘车旅客的奖励计划或大有裨益。例如，同车乘客打分系统，理念是以来之不易的声誉换取接电话来带的片刻享受。但该系统也不会通过易用性测试。
A 2010 book by George Akerlof and Rachel Kranton argues that “norms” —feelings about how everyone should behave—also play a role in decision-making. Charging a price, even if just a token amount, means the quiet carriage becomes a service that fellow passengers have bought, not just a preference they have expressed. Perhaps different norms would come into play, encouraging calm. If not, a personal bubble is always an option: noise-cancelling headphones start at around $50.
乔治·阿克尔洛夫和瑞秋·克拉顿在2010年出版的一书中认为，人类对个体该如何行止的感觉就是“行为规范”，这种规范也影响决策过程。即便是象征性收取少量金额，单凭收费这一行为，就意味着安静车厢不再是同行乘客的偏好之选，而是他们所购买的一项服务。或许在鼓励人们保持车厢安静时，应该引入不同的行为规范。若此方案也行不通，那么在列车上出售$50起价的降噪耳机，创造“个人空间”总是不二之选。
1.Noise pollution 噪音污染
例句:Most of the cities were affected by light noise pollution.
多数城市受到轻度噪声污染。
2.A couple of 一对；几个
例句:Could you see your way to lending me 10 for a couple of days?
你能不能借给我10英镑过两天还你?
3.end up 结束
例句:Don't fiddle about with your typewriter; you could end up breaking it.
别瞎玩弄你的打字机；你会弄坏它的。
4.in effect 有效；实际上
例句:Initially the contract will be in effect for 3 years.
最初契约的有效期为三年。
新词和新义：
carriage 〔火车的〕客车厢
stereo 立体声音响 （设备）
• a stereo with good speakers 扬声器音质好的立体声音响
• on a stereo
• He was listening to the Beatles on the car stereo. 他在听汽车立体声音响播放的披头士乐队的歌。
• in stereo 用立体声播放的
chatter n. 聊天，闲谈；唠叨
• Jane’s constant chatter was annoying him. 简不停的唠叨惹恼了他。
• gossip and idle chatter 闲言碎语和唠叨
• She was full of chatter about her new friends. 她一个劲地聊她的新朋友。
[+ of]
• the excited chatter of the audience 观众兴奋的交谈
inane 愚蠢至极的；无意义的，空洞的
• Most pop lyrics are pretty inane. 大部分流行歌曲的歌词都相当空洞。
• an inane remark 空话
babbler n. 胡说之人；说话模糊不清的人
end up 最后来到
• She fled with her children, moving from neighbour to neighbour and ending up in a friend's basement.
她和她的孩子们逃走了，从一家邻居转到另一家，最终来到一个朋友家的地下室。
commitment 义务、承诺
• Are you ready to make a long-term commitment ? 你是否准备好作出长久的承诺？
[+ to]
• Our company has a commitment to quality and customer service. 我们公司对质量和客户服务作出承诺。
permanent 长久的；永久的，永恒的
• He gave up a permanent job in order to freelance. 他放弃了固定工作，为的是当一名自由职业者。
• a permanent change in your eating habits 饮食习惯的永久改变
• The blindness that the disease causes will be permanent. 这种疾病引起的失明是永久性的。
• Miller soon became a permanent fixture (= someone or something that is always there ) on the team. 米勒很快就成为球队的固定队员。
invest in 〔政府、企业或机构〕把〔资金〕投入，投资 invest (sth) in sth
• The city has invested millions of dollars in the museum. 这座城市对该博物馆已投入了数百万美元。
• The factory plans to invest in new computers. 该工厂计划投资购买新电脑
signal-jamming 信号干扰
jam: to deliberately prevent broadcasts or other electronic signals from being received, by broadcasting signals on the same wavelength 干扰〔无线电广播或其他电子信号〕
put a price on 给某物设定价格
• No one can put a price on an organ which is going to save someone's life.
没有人能对一种有助于拯救某人生命的器官设定价格。
• The newspaper, which cited a person close to the negotiations, did not put a price on the acquisition.
该报纸引用一位参与谈判的知情人士的话，但未谈到收购价格。
fine 对…处以罚款 fine sb for (doing) sth
• She was fined for speeding. 她因超速驾车而被罚款 。
fine sb £200/$500 etc
• The club was fined £50,000 for financial irregularities. 这家俱乐部因财务违规被罚款5万英镑。
n. [C ] 罚金，罚款
• a £40 fine 40英镑罚款
• Councils will get sweeping powers to impose fines on drivers who park illegally. 各市政会将有绝对权力对违章停车者处以罚款。
pay a fine/pay £100/$50 etc in fines
• She was ordered to pay £150 in parking fines, plus court costs. 她被责令支付150英镑停车罚金，外加诉讼费。
heavy/hefty fine (=a large fine)巨额罚金
• If convicted, the men face heavy fines. 一旦定罪，这些人将面临巨额罚金。
make a din 发出喧闹声
• They make a constant din and cause acute pollution.
这些摩托车喧嚣不断，还会造成严重污染。
din〔持久的〕嘈杂声，喧闹声
[+ of]
• The din of the engines was deafening. 引擎的噪声震耳欲聋。
above the din
• Ged was trying to make himself heard above the din. 格德试图让人们在嘈杂的声音中听到他说的话。
dissuade 劝阻
dissuade sb from (doing) sth
• a campaign to dissuade young people from smoking 劝阻青年人吸烟的宣传活动
neat 简洁的；睿智的；灵巧的
• In the end we found a very neat solution to the problem. 最后我们找到了一个解决这个问题的巧妙办法。
• a neat summary of the main issues 对主要问题的简明总结
costly adj. 昂贵的；〔尤指〕花太多钱的
• Such a database would be extremely costly to set up. 建立这样一个数据库要花很多钱。
enforcement 执行
• law enforcement 执法
tack 方针；方法；思路
• If that doesn’t work, we’ll try a different tack . 如果那样不行，我们将试试别的方法。
• Rudy changed tack , his tone suddenly becoming friendly. 鲁迪改变策略，语气突然变得友好起来。
tact 得体；乖巧；机敏
• With great tact, Clive persuaded her to apologize. 克莱夫十分巧妙地说服了她去道歉。
an optional extra 可选的另外收费的事物
extra 另外收费的事物
• Tinted windows and a sunroof are optional extras (= something that you can choose to have or not ). 有色玻璃窗和车顶天窗是备选的配件，要另收费。
• Be careful, there may be hidden extras (= additional charges which you are not told about ). 要当心一点，可能会有隐藏的额外费用。
• It’s got lots of useful little extras. 它有不少实用小配件出售。
ride 〔乘车的〕旅行；旅程 a journey in a vehicle, when you are not driving
• Can you give me a ride back to town? 你能捎我回镇上吗？
• Sammy had promised to take me for a ride in his truck. 萨米答应让我坐他的卡车去兜风。
• I managed to get a ride down to the station. 我设法搭了便车去车站。
• We hitched a ride (= got a free ride from a passing vehicle ) into town. 我们拦了一辆便车进城。
[+ in]
• He invited me to go for a ride in his new car. 他邀请我坐他的新车去兜风。
car/bus/train etc ride
• A fifteen minute taxi ride will take you to the airport. 坐出租车15分钟就能到机场。
a smooth/comfortable/bumpy etc ride
• The new model offers a lovely smooth, comfortable ride. 这款新车乘坐平稳舒适。
tricky 难对付的，棘手的；问题很多的
something that is difficult to deal with or do because it is complicated and full of problems
• I can get you tickets for the show but it’ll be tricky. 我能给你弄到演出的票，但会很费事。
• She had helped him out of a tricky situation. 她帮助他脱离了困境。
• Merging the two companies was bound to be tricky. 合并两家公司肯定不好办。
premium 加付款；额外费用
[C] an additional amount of money, above a standard rate or amount
• Consumers are prepared to pay a premium for organically grown vegetables. 消费者愿意多花钱购买有机蔬菜。
• Top quality cigars are being sold at a premium . 优质雪茄售价很高。
chatter away 喋喋不休
• I am placing my mind elsewhere while you chatter away.
当你喋喋不休的时候我正在别处神游。
offset 补偿，抵销
if the cost or amount of something offsets another cost or amount, the two things have an opposite effect so that the situation remains the same
• Cuts in food prices will be offset by direct payments to farmers. 食品降价将通过直接付款给农民的方式进行补偿。
offset sth against sth
• He was able to offset his travel expenses against tax. 他可以用旅费抵税。
norm 常态；标准；准则；规范
the usual or normal situation, way of doing something etc
• Joyce’s style of writing was a striking departure from the literary norm. 乔伊斯的写作风格与传统的文学风格大相径庭。
be/become the norm
• Short term contracts are now the norm with some big companies. 签订短期合同是目前一些大公司的惯常做法。
token 象征性的〔指为了表示守信而做，并将会做得更多〕（只用于名词前）
done as a first sign that an agreement, promise etc will be kept and that more will be done later
• A small token payment will keep the bank happy. 象征性地付点钱，银行就会满意了。
come into play 开始活动；开始起作用
• Human lips are densely packed with sensory neurons - more than in most regions of the body - but the tongue, nose and cheeks also come into play.
人的嘴唇上分布着密密麻麻的感觉神经元，比身体上大多数部位都多，不过舌头、鼻子、脸颊也会起到一定作用。
headphone [常用复数]耳机，头戴式受话器
a personal bubble 个人空间
• It creates a personal Wi-Fi bubble, a portable, powerful, password-protected wireless hot spot that, because it’s the size of a porky credit card, can go with you everywhere.
它为个人用户创造了一个Wi-Fi环境，一个便携、功能强大且有密码保护的无线热点，信用卡大小的体型也便于随身携带
noise-cancelling
decision-making
hard-won
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Noise pollution
噪音污染
Shhhh!
嘘！小声点！
Why quiet carriages don’t work, and how they might be made to?
安静车厢的推广之途屡屡受挫。原因何在，如何改之？
QUIET carriages on trains are a nice idea: travellers voluntarily switch phones to silent, turn stereos off and keep chatter to a minimum. In reality, there is usually at least one inane babbler to break the silence.
在列车上设 “安静车厢”是个不错的想法：旅客们自觉将手机调成静音，关掉随身听，轻声地交谈。而在现实中，通常至少会蹦出一个无脑的大嘴巴打破车厢的宁静气氛。
A couple of problems prevent peaceful trips. First, there is a sorting problem: some passengers end up in the quiet carriage by accident and are not aware of the rules. Second, there is a commitment problem: noise is sometimes made by travellers who choose the quiet carriage but find an important call hard to ignore.
安静之旅基于以下一些原因无法实现。首先是车厢分类问题：一些乘客阴差阳错的坐到了安静车厢，而没有留意乘车守则。其次是乘车义务问题：选择就坐安静车厢的乘客在途中接到一通无法忽视的重要电话，无奈之下发出了声响。
The train operators are trying to find answers. Trains in Queensland Australia, are having permanent signs added to show exactly what is expected; a British operator has invested in signal-jamming technology to prevent phone calls. Microeconomics suggests another approach: putting a price on noise.
列车运营商正试图找寻解决之道。 澳大利亚昆士兰州的火车里常设标识，提醒乘客遵守乘车守则；英国的一家列车运营商引用信号干扰技术来避免电话骚扰。而微观经济学则提出了另一种方法——金钱同噪音挂钩。
Fining people for making a din would surely dissuade the polluter and is a neat solution in theory, but it requires costly monitoring and enforcement. Another tack would be to use prices to separate quiet and noisy passengers—in effect, creating a market for silence. A simple idea would be to sell access to the quiet carriage as an optional extra when the ticket is bought. Making the quiet coach both an active choice and a costly one would dissuade many of those who do not value a peaceful ride.
开噪音罚单肯定会减少噪声污染者，并且从理论上讲乃一剂良方，但此方案需耗费大量监管和执行费。另一种方案是从票价上区分喜静的和喜闹的乘客，实际上是开辟“花钱买清静”的交易。一种简单的区分方法是，售票时提供安静车厢选项，乘客可选择支付额外费用在安静区就坐。如此一来，“安静座位”不仅可由乘客主动选择，高票价还可将大量不珍惜安静旅途的人拒之门外。
Charging may also solve the commitment problem. This is particularly tricky, as attitudes to noise can change during the journey. Some passengers would pay the quiet premium but still chatter away when some vital news arrives. Schemes that reward the silent—a ratings system among fellow passengers, for example— could help. The idea is that losing your hard-won reputation offsets the short-term gain from using the phone. But such a system also fails the simplicity test.
收费也有可能解决义务问题。乘客对待噪音的态度在旅途中或多或少会有所改变，这就使得义务问题变得尤为复杂——有些乘客虽然愿意额外花钱到安静车厢就坐，而在看到某些重要新闻时，仍旧按耐不住自己开始喋喋不休。旨在奖励安静乘车旅客的奖励计划或大有裨益。例如，同车乘客打分系统，理念是以来之不易的声誉换取接电话来带的片刻享受。但该系统也不会通过易用性测试。
A 2010 book by George Akerlof and Rachel Kranton argues that “norms” —feelings about how everyone should behave—also play a role in decision-making. Charging a price, even if just a token amount, means the quiet carriage becomes a service that fellow passengers have bought, not just a preference they have expressed. Perhaps different norms would come into play, encouraging calm. If not, a personal bubble is always an option: noise-cancelling headphones start at around $50.
乔治·阿克尔洛夫和瑞秋·克拉顿在2010年出版的一书中认为，人类对个体该如何行止的感觉就是“行为规范”，这种规范也影响决策过程。即便是象征性收取少量金额，单凭收费这一行为，就意味着安静车厢不再是同行乘客的偏好之选，而是他们所购买的一项服务。或许在鼓励人们保持车厢安静时，应该引入不同的行为规范。若此方案也行不通，那么在列车上出售$50起价的降噪耳机，创造“个人空间”总是不二之选。
1.Noise pollution 噪音污染
例句:Most of the cities were affected by light noise pollution.
多数城市受到轻度噪声污染。
2.A couple of 一对；几个
例句:Could you see your way to lending me 10 for a couple of days?
你能不能借给我10英镑过两天还你?
3.end up 结束
例句:Don't fiddle about with your typewriter; you could end up breaking it.
别瞎玩弄你的打字机；你会弄坏它的。
4.in effect 有效；实际上
例句:Initially the contract will be in effect for 3 years.
最初契约的有效期为三年。
