literature review-01-the skyscraper: a study of its economic height
Title:
The skyscraper: a study of its economic height
Author:
W. C. Clark; John Lyndhurst Kingston
Time:
January 1, 1930
Summary:
1.在摩天大楼刚在纽约拔地而起，开发商追求最大经济投资回报率，而政府考虑公众交通，安全，健康问题，出台了退台政策和法规来限制高度。以此为背景，讨论摩天楼经济合理的高度应该是多少？
At the beginning of the 1900s, skyscraper became a heated controversy topic in most American cities. On one hand, this modern invention is a highly complex mechanism which furnishes a commodity of such distinctive merit that the public are willing to pay. Also, the private owners regard the skyscrapers as economic device to pursue the maximum economic returns. On the other hand, the opponents of skyscraper hold the criticism of skyscraper by advocating a definite restriction of building height. They consider the public welfare, such as the traffic congestion and public safety (danger to life and limb form fire, earthquake and tornado) and health(light, air and noise) issues. Under this circumstance, the research investigates
the true “economic height” of a building on a specific site and to make the results available for public consumption and criticism.
2.研究的方法，首先，对经济高度的定义：。 在特定位置，计算不同高度的摩天楼的投资与收益。分析不同因素对经济收益的影响。
First of all, the definition of “ economic height”: the true economic height of a structure is that height which will secure the maximum ultimate return on total investment (including land) within the reasonable useful life of the structure under appropriate conditions of architectural design, efficiency of layout, light and air, neighborly conduct, street approaches and utility services. As the definition shows, the study selects a specific site and considers zoning regulation of New York City, which means all the possible variables are given a specific context. The only variable is the height, from 8-storey to 75-storey.
3.得出结论：63.
table 1
Considering the major investment and income, the result of the calculation is presented in the above table and figure, the striking fact is that a height of 63 stories is discovered to be the point of maximum economic return. Each important factor is discussed separately in the later passages, which is a detailed analysis of results. The factors including: land value, site and shape of plot(which zoning regulations have an impact on), legal restrictions, efficiency of architectural design and layout, building factors showing tendency to increasing/decreasing/constant cost, absorption of rentable area by elevators and other service facilities, level of construction costs, variations in rental value of floors and operation costs at various floors.
4.该研究是以建筑外部，总共层数，为研究对象，和我研究的建筑内部的层高是不一样的。但可以借鉴的是，突出强调了在追求效率和经济回报率问题上，高层建筑的高度问题，是我的议题也会涉及到的，以及在建筑设计中，如何用数据讨论经济性问题。同时，指出摩天楼或者高层的对城市空间的影响和在城市经济中的地位。
The research focus on the total height of a building, which is different from the height usage efficiency of each floor. However, the study demonstrates two significant points that could provoke thinking for my thesis. First, the study emphasis the importance of high-rise building height when pursuing economic efficiency under certain circumstance(in the book namely, the setback policy and doing regulation). Second, the methods of using statistical data to achieve mathematical results sets an example of way to conduct similar data-relevant research. More over, the research points out the skyscraper is an economic device rather than an economic fallacy in urban economy and plays an important role in shaping the urban morphology.
The skyscraper: a study of its economic height
Author:
W. C. Clark; John Lyndhurst Kingston
Time:
January 1, 1930
Summary:
1.在摩天大楼刚在纽约拔地而起，开发商追求最大经济投资回报率，而政府考虑公众交通，安全，健康问题，出台了退台政策和法规来限制高度。以此为背景，讨论摩天楼经济合理的高度应该是多少？
At the beginning of the 1900s, skyscraper became a heated controversy topic in most American cities. On one hand, this modern invention is a highly complex mechanism which furnishes a commodity of such distinctive merit that the public are willing to pay. Also, the private owners regard the skyscrapers as economic device to pursue the maximum economic returns. On the other hand, the opponents of skyscraper hold the criticism of skyscraper by advocating a definite restriction of building height. They consider the public welfare, such as the traffic congestion and public safety (danger to life and limb form fire, earthquake and tornado) and health(light, air and noise) issues. Under this circumstance, the research investigates
the true “economic height” of a building on a specific site and to make the results available for public consumption and criticism.
2.研究的方法，首先，对经济高度的定义：。 在特定位置，计算不同高度的摩天楼的投资与收益。分析不同因素对经济收益的影响。
First of all, the definition of “ economic height”: the true economic height of a structure is that height which will secure the maximum ultimate return on total investment (including land) within the reasonable useful life of the structure under appropriate conditions of architectural design, efficiency of layout, light and air, neighborly conduct, street approaches and utility services. As the definition shows, the study selects a specific site and considers zoning regulation of New York City, which means all the possible variables are given a specific context. The only variable is the height, from 8-storey to 75-storey.
3.得出结论：63.
 |
 |
table 1
Considering the major investment and income, the result of the calculation is presented in the above table and figure, the striking fact is that a height of 63 stories is discovered to be the point of maximum economic return. Each important factor is discussed separately in the later passages, which is a detailed analysis of results. The factors including: land value, site and shape of plot(which zoning regulations have an impact on), legal restrictions, efficiency of architectural design and layout, building factors showing tendency to increasing/decreasing/constant cost, absorption of rentable area by elevators and other service facilities, level of construction costs, variations in rental value of floors and operation costs at various floors.
4.该研究是以建筑外部，总共层数，为研究对象，和我研究的建筑内部的层高是不一样的。但可以借鉴的是，突出强调了在追求效率和经济回报率问题上，高层建筑的高度问题，是我的议题也会涉及到的，以及在建筑设计中，如何用数据讨论经济性问题。同时，指出摩天楼或者高层的对城市空间的影响和在城市经济中的地位。
The research focus on the total height of a building, which is different from the height usage efficiency of each floor. However, the study demonstrates two significant points that could provoke thinking for my thesis. First, the study emphasis the importance of high-rise building height when pursuing economic efficiency under certain circumstance(in the book namely, the setback policy and doing regulation). Second, the methods of using statistical data to achieve mathematical results sets an example of way to conduct similar data-relevant research. More over, the research points out the skyscraper is an economic device rather than an economic fallacy in urban economy and plays an important role in shaping the urban morphology.
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