美国最重要的法学家
芝加哥法学院教授Brian Leiter一直精于学术排名。他分两个时间段做过美国最重要法学家的排名。
2009年，他做了一个美国20世纪最重要法学家的poll。其top 25是：
1. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (Condorcet winner: wins contests with all other choices)
2. Richard Posner loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 63–47
3. Ronald Dworkin loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 67–46, loses to Richard Posner by 67–51
4. Ronald Coase loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 61–40, loses to Ronald Dworkin by 54–53
5. Benjamin Cardozo loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 65–29, loses to Ronald Coase by 50–48
6. Louis D. Brandeis loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 69–22, loses to Benjamin Cardozo by 40–39
7. Karl N. Llewellyn loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 65–29, loses to Louis D. Brandeis by 46–44
8. Guido Calabresi loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 75–31, loses to Karl N. Llewellyn by 57–39
9. John Hart Ely loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 68–22, loses to Guido Calabresi by 56–38
10. Antonin Scalia loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 76–22, loses to John Hart Ely by 48–41
11. Alexander Bickel loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 71–17, loses to Antonin Scalia by 48–37
12. Cass R. Sunstein loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 79–18, loses to Alexander Bickel by 46–40
13. Richard Epstein loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 78–23, loses to Cass R. Sunstein by 47–42
14. William J. Brennan, Jr. loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 75–21, loses to Richard Epstein by 44–43
15. Henry M. Hart, Jr. loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 77–13, loses to William J. Brennan, Jr. by 46–33
16. Lon Fuller loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 72–20, loses to William J. Brennan, Jr. by 44–35
17. Laurence H. Tribe loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 76–18, loses to Lon Fuller by 46–34
18. Catharine A. MacKinnon loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 76–19, loses to Laurence H. Tribe by 44–37
19. Felix Frankfurter loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 81–11, loses to Lon Fuller by 41–28
20. Roscoe Pound loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 75–11, loses to Felix Frankfurter by 34–33
21. Bruce Ackerman loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 79–18, loses to Catharine A. MacKinnon by 44–39
22. Herbert Wechsler loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 75–12, loses to Bruce Ackerman by 35–33
23. Frank Easterbrook loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 80–14, loses to Herbert Wechsler by 37–28
24. John Henry Wigmore loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 77–9, loses to Frank Easterbrook by 36–30
25. John Marshall Harlan II loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 77–11, loses to John Henry Wigmore by 29–26
此外，Martha Nussbaum与Robert Bork相当接近top 25.
对于这个排名莱特教授的基本点评是：
What to say about the results? Would Hugo Black and Learned Hand--wrongly omitted from the original list of 75 choices--have made the top 25? Probably. I am personally surprised MacKinnon was not higher, so too Llewelly and Fuller and Wechsler. I was surprised by Ely's strong showing: Demoracy and Distrust was a very fine bit of constitutional theory, but what else is there? The top three seem right, including Dworkin, whose jurisprudential views may be a tissue of confusions and misrepresentations, but whose vision of constitutional adjudication in particular has been hugely influential on legal thought (if not on U.S. courts). (I have yet to find a constitutional theorist who takes him- or herself to be "influenced" by Dworkin who realizes that nothing in the bits and pieces of Dworkin they find important is at issue in Dworkin's purported dispute with legal positivism. Fortunately for Dworkin's influence, jurisprudential ignorance is deep and widespread!)
而最近他又做了一个二战以来对美国法律思想影响最大的法学家排名poll。其top50是：
1. Richard Posner (孔多赛方法优胜者: 胜出所有其他投票选项)
2. H.L.A. Hart 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 24–22
3. Ronald Dworkin 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 28–16, 负于 H.L.A. Hart，差距为 25–14
4. Karl Llewellyn 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 28–18, 负于 Ronald Dworkin，差距为 22–19
5. Ronald Coase 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 26–13, 负于 Karl Llewellyn，差距为 21–18
6. Learned Hand 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 27–20, 负于 Ronald Coase，差距为 24–17
7. Antonin Scalia 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 30–11, 负于 Learned Hand，差距为 25–20
8. Guide Calabresi 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 28–17, 负于 Antonin Scalia，差距为 22–19
9. John Hart Ely 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 31–12, 负于 Guide Calabresi，差距为 24–18
10. Joseph Raz 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–10, 负于 John Hart Ely，差距为 20–19
11. Lon Fuller 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 29–18, 负于 Joseph Raz，差距为 23–18
12. Cass Sunstein 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 37–5, 负于 Lon Fuller，差距为 25–18
13. Ruth Bader Ginsburg 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 29–17, 负于 Lon Fuller，差距为 22–20
14. Laurence Tribe 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 36–7, 负于 Ruth Bader Ginsburg，差距为 22–19
15. Catharine MacKinnon 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 34–9, 负于 Laurence Tribe，差距为 19–17
16. Henry M. Hart, Jr. 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 31–5, 负于 Catharine MacKinnon，差距为 19–13
17. Duncan Kennedy 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–9, 负于 Henry M. Hart, Jr.，差距为 18–16
18. Thurgood Marshall 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 30–10, 负于 Henry M. Hart, Jr.，差距为 16–13
19. Bruce Ackerman 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 34–6, 负于 Thurgood Marshall，差距为 18–15
20. Jeremy Waldron 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 37–7, 负于 Bruce Ackerman，差距为 20–16
21. Alexander Bickel 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 36–5, 负于 Bruce Ackerman，差距为 20–12
22. Herbert Wechsler 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 33–7, 负于 Alexander Bickel，差距为 18–15
23. William L. Prosser 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 29–9, 负于 Herbert Wechsler，差距为 14–13
24. Richard Epstein 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 39–4, 负于 William L. Prosser，差距为 17–11
25. Martha Nussbaum 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 32–10, 负于 Herbert Wechsler，差距为 17–14
26. William J. Brennan, Jr. 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 31–10, 负于 Martha Nussbaum，差距为 17–13
27. Felix Frankfurter 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 34–9, 负于 William J. Brennan, Jr.，差距为 17–15
28. Owen Fiss 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 38–5, 负于 Felix Frankfurter，差距为 18–15
29. Mark Tushnet 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 39–5, 负于 Felix Frankfurter，差距为 21–14
30. Henry J. Friendly 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–5, 负于 Mark Tushnet，差距为 15–13
31. Hugo Black 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 36–5, 负于 Henry J. Friendly，差距为 15–11
32. Akhil Amar 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–5, 负于 Hugo Black，差距为 15–12
33. William Eskridge, Jr. 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–3, 负于 Akhil Amar，差距为 18–10
34. Charles Fried 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 37–2, 负于 William Eskridge, Jr.，差距为 13–9
35. Derrick Bell 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–9, 负于 William Eskridge, Jr.，差距为 11–10
36. Jerome Frank 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 39–3, 负于 Derrick Bell，差距为 17–11
37. Grant Gilmore 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–6, 负于 Jerome Frank，差距为 14–12
38. Kimberly Crenshaw 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 36–7, 负于 Jerome Frank，差距为 15–12
39. Frederick Schauer 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 37–5, 负于 Grant Gilmore，差距为 12–11
40. John Langbein 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 33–5, 负于 Frederick Schauer，差距为 14–10
41. Morton Horowitz 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 37–4, 负于 Kimberly Crenshaw，差距为 15–12
42. Albert Sacks 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 34–4, 负于 John Langbein，差距为 11–10
43. Robert Post 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 37–4, 负于 Morton Horowitz，差距为 15–13
44. Martha Minow 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 34–7, 负于 Robert Post，差距为 18–12
45. Frank Easterbrook 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 40–0, 负于 Martha Minow，差距为 14–9
46. Edward Levi 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 36–2, 负于 Frank Easterbrook，差距为 14–8
47. Roger Traynor 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 33–5, 负于 Edward Levi，差距为 12–11
48. Erwin Chemerinsky 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–6, 负于 Roger Traynor，差距为 14–10
49. Charles L. Black, Jr. 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–2, 负于 Erwin Chemerinsky，差距为 13–11
50. Sanford Kadish 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 36–2, 负于 Erwin Chemerinsky，差距为 14–9 。
http://leiterlawschool.typepad.com/leiter/2018/03/40-most-important-contributors-to-american-legal-thought-since-1945.html
2009年，他做了一个美国20世纪最重要法学家的poll。其top 25是：
1. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (Condorcet winner: wins contests with all other choices)
2. Richard Posner loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 63–47
3. Ronald Dworkin loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 67–46, loses to Richard Posner by 67–51
4. Ronald Coase loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 61–40, loses to Ronald Dworkin by 54–53
5. Benjamin Cardozo loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 65–29, loses to Ronald Coase by 50–48
6. Louis D. Brandeis loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 69–22, loses to Benjamin Cardozo by 40–39
7. Karl N. Llewellyn loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 65–29, loses to Louis D. Brandeis by 46–44
8. Guido Calabresi loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 75–31, loses to Karl N. Llewellyn by 57–39
9. John Hart Ely loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 68–22, loses to Guido Calabresi by 56–38
10. Antonin Scalia loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 76–22, loses to John Hart Ely by 48–41
11. Alexander Bickel loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 71–17, loses to Antonin Scalia by 48–37
12. Cass R. Sunstein loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 79–18, loses to Alexander Bickel by 46–40
13. Richard Epstein loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 78–23, loses to Cass R. Sunstein by 47–42
14. William J. Brennan, Jr. loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 75–21, loses to Richard Epstein by 44–43
15. Henry M. Hart, Jr. loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 77–13, loses to William J. Brennan, Jr. by 46–33
16. Lon Fuller loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 72–20, loses to William J. Brennan, Jr. by 44–35
17. Laurence H. Tribe loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 76–18, loses to Lon Fuller by 46–34
18. Catharine A. MacKinnon loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 76–19, loses to Laurence H. Tribe by 44–37
19. Felix Frankfurter loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 81–11, loses to Lon Fuller by 41–28
20. Roscoe Pound loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 75–11, loses to Felix Frankfurter by 34–33
21. Bruce Ackerman loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 79–18, loses to Catharine A. MacKinnon by 44–39
22. Herbert Wechsler loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 75–12, loses to Bruce Ackerman by 35–33
23. Frank Easterbrook loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 80–14, loses to Herbert Wechsler by 37–28
24. John Henry Wigmore loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 77–9, loses to Frank Easterbrook by 36–30
25. John Marshall Harlan II loses to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. by 77–11, loses to John Henry Wigmore by 29–26
此外，Martha Nussbaum与Robert Bork相当接近top 25.
对于这个排名莱特教授的基本点评是：
What to say about the results? Would Hugo Black and Learned Hand--wrongly omitted from the original list of 75 choices--have made the top 25? Probably. I am personally surprised MacKinnon was not higher, so too Llewelly and Fuller and Wechsler. I was surprised by Ely's strong showing: Demoracy and Distrust was a very fine bit of constitutional theory, but what else is there? The top three seem right, including Dworkin, whose jurisprudential views may be a tissue of confusions and misrepresentations, but whose vision of constitutional adjudication in particular has been hugely influential on legal thought (if not on U.S. courts). (I have yet to find a constitutional theorist who takes him- or herself to be "influenced" by Dworkin who realizes that nothing in the bits and pieces of Dworkin they find important is at issue in Dworkin's purported dispute with legal positivism. Fortunately for Dworkin's influence, jurisprudential ignorance is deep and widespread!)
而最近他又做了一个二战以来对美国法律思想影响最大的法学家排名poll。其top50是：
1. Richard Posner (孔多赛方法优胜者: 胜出所有其他投票选项)
2. H.L.A. Hart 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 24–22
3. Ronald Dworkin 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 28–16, 负于 H.L.A. Hart，差距为 25–14
4. Karl Llewellyn 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 28–18, 负于 Ronald Dworkin，差距为 22–19
5. Ronald Coase 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 26–13, 负于 Karl Llewellyn，差距为 21–18
6. Learned Hand 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 27–20, 负于 Ronald Coase，差距为 24–17
7. Antonin Scalia 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 30–11, 负于 Learned Hand，差距为 25–20
8. Guide Calabresi 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 28–17, 负于 Antonin Scalia，差距为 22–19
9. John Hart Ely 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 31–12, 负于 Guide Calabresi，差距为 24–18
10. Joseph Raz 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–10, 负于 John Hart Ely，差距为 20–19
11. Lon Fuller 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 29–18, 负于 Joseph Raz，差距为 23–18
12. Cass Sunstein 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 37–5, 负于 Lon Fuller，差距为 25–18
13. Ruth Bader Ginsburg 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 29–17, 负于 Lon Fuller，差距为 22–20
14. Laurence Tribe 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 36–7, 负于 Ruth Bader Ginsburg，差距为 22–19
15. Catharine MacKinnon 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 34–9, 负于 Laurence Tribe，差距为 19–17
16. Henry M. Hart, Jr. 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 31–5, 负于 Catharine MacKinnon，差距为 19–13
17. Duncan Kennedy 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–9, 负于 Henry M. Hart, Jr.，差距为 18–16
18. Thurgood Marshall 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 30–10, 负于 Henry M. Hart, Jr.，差距为 16–13
19. Bruce Ackerman 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 34–6, 负于 Thurgood Marshall，差距为 18–15
20. Jeremy Waldron 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 37–7, 负于 Bruce Ackerman，差距为 20–16
21. Alexander Bickel 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 36–5, 负于 Bruce Ackerman，差距为 20–12
22. Herbert Wechsler 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 33–7, 负于 Alexander Bickel，差距为 18–15
23. William L. Prosser 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 29–9, 负于 Herbert Wechsler，差距为 14–13
24. Richard Epstein 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 39–4, 负于 William L. Prosser，差距为 17–11
25. Martha Nussbaum 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 32–10, 负于 Herbert Wechsler，差距为 17–14
26. William J. Brennan, Jr. 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 31–10, 负于 Martha Nussbaum，差距为 17–13
27. Felix Frankfurter 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 34–9, 负于 William J. Brennan, Jr.，差距为 17–15
28. Owen Fiss 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 38–5, 负于 Felix Frankfurter，差距为 18–15
29. Mark Tushnet 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 39–5, 负于 Felix Frankfurter，差距为 21–14
30. Henry J. Friendly 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–5, 负于 Mark Tushnet，差距为 15–13
31. Hugo Black 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 36–5, 负于 Henry J. Friendly，差距为 15–11
32. Akhil Amar 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–5, 负于 Hugo Black，差距为 15–12
33. William Eskridge, Jr. 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–3, 负于 Akhil Amar，差距为 18–10
34. Charles Fried 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 37–2, 负于 William Eskridge, Jr.，差距为 13–9
35. Derrick Bell 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–9, 负于 William Eskridge, Jr.，差距为 11–10
36. Jerome Frank 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 39–3, 负于 Derrick Bell，差距为 17–11
37. Grant Gilmore 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–6, 负于 Jerome Frank，差距为 14–12
38. Kimberly Crenshaw 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 36–7, 负于 Jerome Frank，差距为 15–12
39. Frederick Schauer 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 37–5, 负于 Grant Gilmore，差距为 12–11
40. John Langbein 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 33–5, 负于 Frederick Schauer，差距为 14–10
41. Morton Horowitz 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 37–4, 负于 Kimberly Crenshaw，差距为 15–12
42. Albert Sacks 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 34–4, 负于 John Langbein，差距为 11–10
43. Robert Post 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 37–4, 负于 Morton Horowitz，差距为 15–13
44. Martha Minow 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 34–7, 负于 Robert Post，差距为 18–12
45. Frank Easterbrook 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 40–0, 负于 Martha Minow，差距为 14–9
46. Edward Levi 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 36–2, 负于 Frank Easterbrook，差距为 14–8
47. Roger Traynor 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 33–5, 负于 Edward Levi，差距为 12–11
48. Erwin Chemerinsky 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–6, 负于 Roger Traynor，差距为 14–10
49. Charles L. Black, Jr. 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 35–2, 负于 Erwin Chemerinsky，差距为 13–11
50. Sanford Kadish 负于 Richard Posner，差距为 36–2, 负于 Erwin Chemerinsky，差距为 14–9 。
http://leiterlawschool.typepad.com/leiter/2018/03/40-most-important-contributors-to-american-legal-thought-since-1945.html
