【中英对照】一个文明古国消逝的谜团—吴哥王朝的变迁与水的猜想(附吴哥简介)
上博2017世界考古论坛系列之《气候变化与吴哥文明的兴衰》 2017 world archeology forum in Shanghai museum <The vicissitude in climate changes and Angkor civilization>
吴哥城曾是高棉帝国的首都，位于如今的柬埔寨暹粒，作为著名的观光景点，是世界文化自然遗产之一。吴哥始建于公元9世纪，于公元15世纪被废弃，历经了约600年的繁荣昌盛，却忽然从历史长河中消失了。而何以这文明的起落，仍是一个颇具探讨空间的谜团。
Angkor was the capital city of Khmer Empire, which now locates in Siem Reap city, Cambodia. It is a famous tourist attraction as well as one of the World Natural Heritage sites. Angkor had gone through the glorious history about 600 years from AD 9th to 15th century, but it finally vanished in the long river of antient time. The reason why the civilization of Angkor started and ended still remains a lot of interspace to investigate and argue with.
在2017年12月上海博物馆举行的世界考古论坛系列之《气候变化与吴哥文明的兴衰》讲座中，由新西兰奥塔哥大学人类学与考古学系教授查尔斯*海厄姆（Charles Higham）为我们从气候与水资源的角度来诠释吴哥王朝的变迁。海厄姆教授是剑桥圣凯萨琳学院荣誉院士，自1969年起主要致力于东南亚田野考古工作，其一些列的发掘项目涉及了石器时代的狩猎采集者、早期农耕者、青铜时代的起源和促使早期国家起源的铁器时代社会变迁等内容。其著作得到了不列颠学院、新西兰皇家学会、伦敦古物研究者学会等团体的认可。不列颠学院因其出色的田野考古工作授予格雷厄姆*克拉克奖章，新西兰皇家学会授予梅森奈尔奖章。
At the lecture of <The vicissitude in climate changes and Angkor civilization> of world archeology forum in Shanghai Museum December 2017, Professor Charles Franklin Higham, the anthropologist and archeologist of New Zealand Otago University, provided us an angle from the reason of climate and water source to explain the vicissitude of Angkor. Professor Higham is the honorary fellow of British Cambridge St Catharine’s College, who devotes himself to the archeology work in Southeast Asia wild fields. These sets of exploration involve in hunters and collectors of stone ages, earlier farmer, the origin of bronze ages, social changes that urged the becoming of earlier kingdom, and etc.. His work was rewarded the recognition from British College, New Zealand Royal Academy and London antique research Academy. The British College rewarded him the Graham Clarke Prize, and the New Zealand Royal Academy rewarded him the Mason Nair Prize.
此次系列讲座一经推出就报名火热，一票难求，很有幸能抢到现场的名额，顺便将记录上传到网上以分享给大家。部分图片信息来源于现场拍摄，并在此作双语记录，如侵则删。另外附上一些自己在柬埔寨旅游记录，以丰富此篇内容。
These series of lectures were too popular to get a ticket, so it is lucky to have a participant seat. Thus I am sharing my records of the lecture via the internet to everybody. Some of the pictures were taken from the presentation, and I recorded it as bilingual in Chinese and English. If there is any tort, please connect me to delete. Additionally, I will post some of my own experience of travel in Cambodia here to enrich the detail and content.
第一部分：时代、降水与农耕
Part I: Time, rainfalls and cultivation
在柬埔寨暹粒的吴哥地区，每年4到10月的东亚季风从南边带来大量降雨。
At the region in Angkor, Siem Reap, Cambodia, the east Asian monsoon brings a lot of rainfall from April to October every year.
1951年到2002年的柬埔寨年均降雨量的趋势图，显示由于季风导致降雨量的波动变大，使得水稻种植的情况不理想。
The trend in average annual rainfall in Cambodia from 1951 to 2002, which shows that due to the large fluctuation of rainfall caused by monsoon, brought the rice cultivated situation to be not ideal.
铁器时代晚期（铁器时代4，公元50-500年），季风降雨强度的降低给东南亚陆地带来了相对干燥的气候，降雨量大幅下降。此时，吴哥地区的真腊时代开启。
In the later period of Iron Age (Iron Age 4, AD. 50-500), the low level of monsoon rainfall had brought a dry weather to the landscape of southeast Asia, and the rainfall largely derceased. By this time, the Chenla dynasty opened.
在整个吴哥时期，降雨量平稳且正常。到了吴哥时代末期，降雨量骤降，同时带来了吴哥王朝的没落。
In the period of the whole Angkor, the rainfall was smoothly and regularly. Till the terminal of Angkor age, the rainfall suddenly decreased. In the meantime, the Angkor kingdom declined.
在铁器时代4，开始出现有蓄水功能的稻田。
In the Iron Age 4, the rice field that had the function of retaining water appeared.
十字区域是水库，这是一个现代化的耕种系统，拥有蓄水池能够储存水资源。
The cross area was a water bank. It was a modern cultivation system with the function of retaining water resource.
黄线部分是一条人工水道。箭头指向的A区域发现了一个墓葬，时期大约在前吴哥时期，公元70年。
The part of yellow line was an artificial water lane. There was a burial in the region marked A, which probably set up at the pre-Angkorian period, AD 17.
墓主人身上戴有腰带、手镯和指环，以及一把铁剑，许多玻璃珠串和包金的银制耳环。这显示了墓主人是一个富人，也可能是水稻田的主人。
The body wear belts, bangles, rings as well as an iron blade, many glass beads and silver ear coils covered in gold foil. It showed that he was a rich man and probably the owner of the field.
同时在墓中发现了铁犁，这些铁犁是目前为止发现的当时东南亚地区使用水牛进行耕种的唯一证据。以上这些证据都证明了这里在铁器时代4发生了农业革命。
And there were ploughshares found, they were the only proof that they used the buffalo to cultivate at that time in southeast Asia so far. All these evidences could prove that this area happened the agricultural revolution in Iron Age 4.
第二部分 吴哥文明与水域气候
Part II The Angkor civilization and the water area climate
公元500年到600年，当地人开始用砖木制造寺庙。黄圈区域是吴哥的寺庙区域。
In AD 500-600, the local people used rocks and woods to build temple. The circle in yellow was the temple area of Angkor.
巴永走廊的浮雕上雕刻着当时日常生活的场景。它们包括了水土资源战争、宴会、富人家庭生活、打猎、游戏、市场交易、烹饪和宫殿的建造，而阇耶跋摩七世胜利的场景占了大部分。图中的场景展现在庆祝宴席中使用大米，显示了大米对吴哥的重要性。
The carvings on the galleries of the Bayon depict the scenes of daily life in that time. They include battles on land and water, feasting, life in a rich person’s house, hunting, playing games, the market, cooking and construction of a palace. These are the scenes of Jayavarman VII’s victories dominate may scenes. The scene in the picture presents that rice was used in the celebration which shows the rice was crucial to Angkor.
在吴哥时期，水库的建造是用来蓄水。随着吴哥王朝的发展，水库越减越多，也越建越大，同时建造了供奉水神的庙宇。
In the Angkor age, they built bank to retain water. With the development of the kingdom, more and more banks were established, and they became larger and larger, while the temple of god of water was set up.
在吴哥末期的100年时间中，雨灾和旱灾的变化巨大，无法应对。水渠系统遭到破坏。此后吴哥王朝搬离这里去往新的首都。气候或许是迁都的原因之一。
In the last 100 years in Angkor Age, the huge variation between the disasters of heavy rain and drought were hard to solve. The water distribute system was broken. Hence the kingdom departed to a new capital. The climate might be one of the reason of the relocation.
结论：
铁器时代晚期季风雨季强度的降低使得东南亚地区的农业革命兴起，包括水库修建、灌溉和耕种技术。从真腊时代起到吴哥王国的建立，水资源的管理和灌溉系统变得十分重要，并成为了政权存亡的关键因素。在15世纪有一次气候变化带来了难以预测的波动，导致了水利设施的损毁，作为政权中心的吴哥不久就消亡了。在此，我们通过考古纵观远古未有文字记载的历史，可以里了解到在历史中，气候对人类未来的影响。
The conclusion:
During the last period of Iron Age, the monsoon rainfall decreased and brought up the agriculture revolution in southeast Asia, including the technology of bank building, irrigating and cultivating system. From the Chenla Age to the establishment of Angkor kingdom, the management of water resource became very important, and crucial to the survival of the domination. There was an unpredictable variation brought by the climate change, which caused the water facility being destroyed. As the government center, the Angkor kingdom vanished soon. Through the archeological exploration from the non-word recorded history, we can acknowledge that climate influent the future of human in the history.
以下挑选了一些在当地旅行时拍摄的相关照片，作为一些参考提供给大家。
Here are some pictures taken from my Angkor travelling, for provide some reference to you.
关于一些吴哥有关的书影音的推荐 Some recommened book, audio and video about Angkor:
蒋勋对吴哥历史的详细介绍，以及对吴哥的人与历史、与自然融洽之美的诠释，缓缓道来：
因为劳拉在这里穿梭过，而使得吴哥开始在国际上闻名遐迩。安吉丽娜朱莉与这里渊源深厚：
LP系列之柬埔寨，要买最新版的，以前的信息都过期了：
元代的真腊考察勘探手册，在本地没反响，被法国人翻译后在国外大火，引发了柬埔寨考古热潮：
