2019.2.1 地名+IR+历史分期小常识

1. 美国首都命名：District of Columbia (区分于19th century British North America的Columbia District)=>Washington DC（区分于West Coast的Washington state）

US states and capitals

2. Miami University is located in Oxford, Ohio (not in Miami)

University of Minnesota is located in Menneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota.

3. 大连在辽宁省！

4. Triangular Peace:

Kantian Triangle

Immanuel Kant famously argued that peace could emerge among states once they shared three features: representative democracy, adherence to international law and organizations, and advanced commercial integration. In the postwar era, these insights guided community-building throughout the developed world. Now Russett and Oneal have provided the most comprehensive statistical analysis of this phenomenon to date. They not only affirm the most debated thesis in world politics -- that democracies virtually never fight each other -- but suggest that democracies are also more peaceful in general than are authoritarian states. They also find evidence that states in highly interdependent economic relationships tend to refrain from fighting with their commercial partners. Furthermore, the more international organizations a state joins, the less likely its government is to use force against other members. The Kantian peace could be seriously undermined by a severe economic downturn, the authors conclude, but no tangible threat exists of a "clash of civilizations."

5. 欧洲历史主要分期：

- Prehistory (35,000 BC--1100 BC):

Stone Age(Paleolithic->Mesolithic->Neolithic)=>Bronze Age=>Iron Age

- Classical Antiguity (700 BC--476 AD)

Hellenic Civilization (Ancient Greece: city-states, Athens, Sparta, Thebes,Corinth, Syracuse); Roman Empire

- Middle Age (476 Fall of Western Roman Empire--1500 marked by the rise of nation states, the division of Western Christianity in the Reformation, the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance, and the beginnings of European overseas expansion which allowed for the Columbian Exchange)

- Early Modern Europe (1492 Discovery of New World--1789 French Revolution)

The Early Modern period spans the centuries between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution, roughly from 1500 to 1800, or from the discovery of the New World in 1492 to the French Revolution in 1789. The period is characterised by the rise to importance of science and increasingly rapid technological progress, secularised civic politics and the nation state. Capitalist economies began their rise, beginning in northern Italian republics such as Genoa. The early modern period also saw the rise and dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism. As such, the early modern period represents the decline and eventual disappearance, in much of the European sphere, of feudalism, serfdom and the power of the Catholic Church. The period includes the Protestant Reformation, the disastrous Thirty Years' War, the European colonisation of the Americas and the European witch-hunts.

Renaissance (14th progress of arts and sciences)

Age of Discovery

Reformation (1517 Martin Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses--1648 Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars)

Crisis of 17th century

Age of Absolutism: Thirty Years' War 1618-1648

Enlightenment (17th)

The Enlightenment was a powerful, widespread cultural movement of intellectuals beginning in late 17th-century Europe emphasizing the power of reason rather than tradition; it was especially favourable to science (especially Isaac Newton's physics) and hostile to religious orthodoxy (especially of the Catholic Church). It sought to analyze and reform society using reason, to challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and to advance knowledge through the scientific method. It promoted scientific thought, skepticism, and intellectual interchange.The Enlightenment was a revolution in human thought. This new way of thinking was that rational thought begins with clearly stated principles, uses correct logic to arrive at conclusions, tests the conclusions against evidence, and then revises the principles in the light of the evidence.

Originating in the 17th century, it was sparked by philosophers Francis Bacon (1562–1626), Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), John Locke (1632–1704), Pierre Bayle (1647–1706), Voltaire (1694–1778), Francis Hutcheson, (1694–1746), David Hume (1711–1776) and physicist Isaac Newton (1643–1727).[69] Ruling princes often endorsed and fostered these figures and even attempted to apply their ideas of government in what was known as enlightened absolutism. The Scientific Revolution is closely tied to the Enlightenment, as its discoveries overturned many traditional concepts and introduced new perspectives on nature and man's place within it. The Enlightenment flourished until about 1790–1800, at which point the Enlightenment, with its emphasis on reason, gave way to Romanticism, which placed a new emphasis on emotion; a Counter-Enlightenment began to increase in prominence. The Romantics argued that the Enlightenment was reductionistic insofar as it had largely ignored the forces of imagination, mystery, and sentiment.[70]

In France, Enlightenment was based in the salons and culminated in the great Encyclopédie (1751–72) edited by Denis Diderot (1713–1784) and (until 1759) Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783) with contributions by hundreds of leading intellectuals who were called philosophes, notably Voltaire (1694–1778), Rousseau (1712–1778) and Montesquieu (1689–1755). Some 25,000 copies of the 35 volume encyclopedia were sold, half of them outside France. These new intellectual strains would spread to urban centres across Europe, notably England, Scotland, the German states, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Italy, Austria, and Spain, as well as Britain's American colonies.

The political ideals of the Enlightenment influenced the American Declaration of Independence, the United States Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and the Polish–Lithuanian Constitution of 3 May 1791

- Modern Europe (1789--1914)

6. Philosophers