<选题参考>The US Commitment to NATO in the Post- Cold War Period
作者 Yanan Song是达勒姆大学的博士生, received her PhD from the School of Government and International Affairs at Durham University, UK.

偶然发现这本书,大致浏览一遍,提出了一个好问题,但对这个问题的解答可能没有很精致。主要启示是:在失去外部威胁的情况下,为何一个为此建立的同盟仍能够存在?作者将这个问题转化成,为何美国在冷战后维持了对NATO的承诺。提供了三个视角的解释:联盟对美国的国际功能;美国现实主义和自由国际主义两种政策倾向的拉扯。最后认为最重要的还是第二个视角:即 it is the interaction between these two major foreign policy guidance (realism and liberal internationalism. )that provides a broad picture of possible directions for US foreign policy.
但这本书更多从美国的角度进行解释,仅探讨了美国发出承诺的动机。这可能会忽视欧洲国家一方为何愿意接受美国的承诺的探讨,毕竟承诺信号重要是对方的接受。
摘录和总结一些细节:
NATO的创立基于地缘政治的原因,但这种原因在1989年柏林墙倒塌后就不复存在了,一些现实主义学者预测,失去共同威胁,NATO将会解体。当然,这种地缘条件确实导致了美国重新思考对NATO的承诺( The new conditions indeed led to an American rethinking of the US commitment to NATO, just as it led to a refocusing of priorities within European members of the Alliance)。尽管出现了一段美国、西欧国家的关系再定位的动荡过程过程,克林顿时期,NATO扩张了,而不是解体了。( The new conditions indeed led to an American rethinking of the US commitment to NATO, just as it led to a refocusing of priorities within European members of the Alliance)。
如何解释这一现象?主流有经济压力说;NATO在阿富汗的军事表现;美国在叙利亚“leading from behind(背后主导)”的偏好。
梳理美国与NATO的关系可以发现,冷战后,美国存在减轻自身条约义务的需求。This again puts forward the question: Will the US remain committed to NATO? If yes, what role should NATO play, a global alliance or a regional alliance with global partners?
This book mainly seeks to explain the continuing US commitment to NATO in the post-Cold War era. The initial focus is on the recommitment decisions of the Clinton administration.
理论框架的形成。利用了常规研究的三种视角,联盟理论(解释后冷战时代苏联威胁不复存在的情况下NATO的持续)、现实主义和自由国际主义之间的美国对外干涉政策(关注了宏观层次上美国对外政策自定路径)、对外政策分析(尤其是官僚政治模型——提供了对微观过程的更为细致的了解)。本书更强调后两种视角。用NATO的的政治影响力解释美国与其之间的关系是不够的。美国在特定问题上的外交决策既受到美国外交政策总体趋势的影响,也受到政府内部各层级角色之间“拉拽”的影响。因此,要理解美国对北约的政策,这两个层次的分析应该特别注意。
第四章主要探讨NATO在后冷战时代的扩展:This chapter mainly analyses why, how, and when NATO expanded in the post-Cold War era, and which countries could gain the membership of NATO in the first place。
第五章主要探讨科索沃争端对NATO的检验(冷战后面临的第一次大的考验)
第六章探讨NATO对阿富汗的参与,重点探讨布什政府绕过NATO采取单边行动。
第七章和第八章,主要探讨了美国对利比亚的干涉,以及其从一开始的勉强姿态,到后来希望NATO进行干涉,自己充当背后主导“leading from behind”角色,这样一个显著的转变。
第九章探讨了美国与其盟友责任分担问题越发显著背景下的美国对NATO的承诺问题( US commitment to NATO in the context of the growing burden-sharing problems within the Alliance)。
结论部分:为什么美国在冷战后仍然致力于北约?
首先,美国认识到北约的独特价值,北约为美国提供了应对全球危机的合法性、能力和可信度,使美国能够在任何情况下发挥全球领导作用。其次,在现实主义和自由国际主义相互作用的不断影响下,美国总体外交政策偏向北约,一方面确保美国保护自身利益,积极应对迫在眉睫的威胁,另一方面促进美国认同的“共同价值观”在世界各地的传播。第三,参与美国对北约政策具体博弈各方之间官僚主义争论的结果表明,美国内部更倾向于利用北约,这进一步强化了美国对北约的承诺。值得注意的是,美国对北约承诺的解释与应用于这项研究的理论是一致的。( why did the US remain committed to NATO in the post-Cold War period? Firstly, the US recognises the unique value of NATO, which provides the US with legitimacy, capability, and credibility to deal with crises around the world, enabling the US to exercise global leadership in every instance. Secondly, constantly infl uenced by the interaction between realism and liberal internationalism, the US overall foreign policy is in favour of NATO, which on the one hand ensures US protection of its own interests as well as US active response to imminent threats, and on the other facilitates the spread of US-identifi ed “common values” throughout the world. Thirdly, the outcome of bureaucratic wrangling among players involved in the specifi c game about US policy on NATO demonstrates internal preference for US utilisation of the Alliance, further reaffi rming US commitment to NATO.It is worth noting that the explanations of US commitment to NATO match the theories that are applied to this research. But more importantly, one may wonder which explanation is the most convincing one. )