兰桂姬：(二)英国文学 English Literature-Renaissance文艺复兴时期

整理/兰桂姬LANGUAGEE

Part Two: The Renaissance

In England,16th century是一个打破封建关系和建立资本主义基础的时期。《Enclosure of Commons》让许多农民离开农村进入城市，Thomas Moore说是sheep devoured men。16世纪初，absolute monarchy形成，King Henry VIII broke off with Pope，proclaimed himself of head of the church of England。

The old English aristocracy having been exterminated in the course of the War of the Rose. Henry VIII获得了商人的支持发展壮大了bourgeoisie，贸易和国内市场的发展需要强有力的中央君权的保护。Absolute monarchy在Queen Elizabeth I 时期达到了顶峰并于1588年打败西班牙无敌舰队。16世纪也是穷人和统治阶级矛盾的时期，1549年Norfolk的起义遭到了无情地镇压。New social and economic conditions brought about great changes in the development of science and art.伴随资产阶级的发展和英国的形成，这段时期也被称作Renaissance文艺复兴。

文艺复兴，revival of classical arts and sciences after dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Which not interest in ecclesiastical knowledge,but in human beings,for the emancipation of people from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.该时期有著名的人文学家Thomas Moore的 <utopia>, 科学家+哲学家Francis Bacon，该时期诗歌也发展起来==>诗人们Thomas Wyatt(第一个将Sonnet介绍进英国文学中)，Henry Howard，Earl of Surrey，他们initiated new poetical forms, borrowing freely from English popular songs and Italian and French poetry. 后来诗歌在英国流行起来，其中最有影响的有 Philip Sidney，Thomas Campion，Edmund Spenser（最伟大的epic poem《The Faerie Queen》的作者）。该时期小说也发展起来==>John Lyly和Thomas Lodge的小说关注宫廷和勇士们的生活。John Lyly的小说<Euphues: The antatomy of Wit>将“euphuism”这个词搞响了designating an affected style of court speech. 另外，Thomas Deloney和Thomas Nashe的小说则出现了现实主义的倾向并关注lower class,merchants,craftsmen的生活。该时期的戏剧也发展起来==>the greatest pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe他将blank verse引入了戏剧中，革新了英国戏剧的种类，最后当然还有英语世界最牛逼最伟大的戏剧家William Shakespeare啦。

Chapter 5: William Shakespeare

One of the first founders of realism, 卡尔马克思把Aeschylus和shakespeare比作“the two greatest dramatic geniuses the world has ever known.”.莎翁生于1564年4月23日，在Sratford upon-Avon。莎士比亚从小就是个传奇，曾经编打油诗讽刺地主Sir Thomas Lucy让其身败名裂导致地主派人追杀他，最后莎士比亚逃到了伦敦避难。他很有可能参加过1575年伊丽莎白女王的游行在Kenilworth，Stratford。1582年莎士比亚和一个农民的女儿Anne Hathaway结婚，然后生下了一个儿子叫Hamnet，取自一个戏剧家Thomas Kyd的悲剧里的人物hamlet。1590年莎士比亚在James Burbage的Lord Chamberlaine’s Men里成为一名戏剧演员和编剧从此开启了他开挂的人生。他一生共创作了37 plays,2 narrative poems<venus and Adonis><Lucrece>,154 Sonnets.他的创作按时间分为3个时期：

1590-1600时期: <the life of king Henry V>，<the first part of king Henry VI>1,2部，<King Henry VI>1,2,3部，<the life and death of king Richard II> <life and death of king Richard III>,<the life and death of King John>，<The life and death of Julius Caesar>，<the comedy of errors> < titus Andronicus> <the taming of the shrew> <the two gentlemen of Verona> <love’s labour’s lost> < Romeo and Juliet> <a midsummer night’s dream> <the merchant of Venice> <much ado about nothing> <the merry wives of Windsor> <as you like it> < twelfth night,or,what you will>

1601-1608时期：<the tragedy of hamlet,prince of denmark> < Troilus and Cressida> < all’s well that ends well> < measure for measure> < Othello,the moore of Venice> <King Lear> <the tragedy of Macbeth> <antony and Cleopatra> < the tragedy of Coriolanus> <timon of Athens> < pericles,prince of tyre>

1609-1612时期：<Cymbeline,king of Britain> <the winter’s tale> < the tempest> < the life of king Henry VIII>.

The tragedy of hamlet,prince of Denmark：1603年初版，哈姆莱特被认为是莎士比亚艺术的顶峰，取材自12世纪的关于Prince Amieth的故事，但也有人说这部作品不是莎士比亚写的。Hamlet is the profoundest expression of shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life.

The story of Hamlet：已故丹麦国王（哈姆莱特的父亲）的魂魄3次潜行在Elsinore Castle，第四天晚上hamlet的朋友Horatio带他去看他父亲能的魂魄，父亲的鬼魂告诉他，他的母亲Gertrude和他的舅舅Claudius通奸然后陷害死了他。哈姆莱特听后崩溃了，陷入了自我怀疑和内省的痛苦中。新的坏国王Claudius怀疑哈姆莱特知道了真相，于是哈姆莱特装疯卖傻，当时国王身边的大臣Polonius觉得哈姆莱特行为怪异可能是因为太想念他的妹妹Ophelia导致的，但Polonius和Rosencrantz，Guildenstern继续监视着hamlet，hamlet为了确认真相于是在国王面前扮演一出弑君的戏，Claudius打算让Rosencrantz和Guildenstern在英格兰杀死hamlet，但被hamlet发现了然后杀了Polonius，hamlet回到了丹麦，这时他的妹妹Ophelia却因爱情不顺疯了溺死了。大臣的儿子Laertes打算给父亲Polonius报仇，国王也安排了hamlet和Laertes的决斗，阴险的国王事先在Laertes的剑上抹了毒，在hamlet死之前他也趁机刺死了国王。

Hamlet- Act III Scene I(a room in the castle):略；

Hamlet- Act V Scene II（a Hall in the Castle）略:

The merchant of Venice: 关键词：Bassanio and his friend Antonio, Portia, 安排了一个抓盒的游戏来测试她的追求者，结果bassanio选对了lead box，bassanio的朋友Gratiano和他一起去了Belmont，Portia的侍女Nerissa，犹太人要割antonio的肉，犹太人的女儿Jessica和bassanio的朋友Lorenzo私奔了，Duke of Venice, Portia代替律师Balthasar出庭拯救了antonio，犹太人偷鸡不成蚀把米。

Sonnet 18：one of the most beautiful sonnets written by SP,has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? / thou art more lovely and me temperate: / rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, and summer’s lease hath all too short a date; sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,and often is his gold complexion dimmed; and every fair from fair sometimes declines,by chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed. But thy eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; nor shall death brag thou wand’rest in his shade,when in eternal lines to time thou grow’st: so long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

Sonnet 29:热情地歌颂爱情，坚贞的爱情给与人鼓舞的力量，不屑将自己的处境与帝王对调。

When, in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes,/ I all alone beweep my outcast被逐 state / and trouble deaf heaven with my bootless无益的 cries,/ and look upon myself and curse my fate,/ wishing me like to one more rich in hope / featured like him,like him with friends possessed/ desiring this man’s art and that man’s scope./ with what I most enjoy contented least:/ yet in these thoughts myself almost despising,/haply偶然地 I think on thee, and my state,/(like to the lark at break of day arising, from sullen earth) sings hymns at heaven’s gate,/ for thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings/ that then I scorn轻蔑地拒绝 to change my state wit kings.

Sonnet 106:

When In the chronicle of wasted time / I see descriptions of the fairest wights鬼，幽灵/ and beauty making beautiful old rhyme / in praise of ladies dead and lovely knights/then, in the blazon徽章 of sweet beauty’s best / of hand, of foot,of lip,of eyes,of brow/ I see their antique pen would have expressed / even such a beauty as you master now / so all their praises are but prophecies/ of this our time, all you prefiguring预示 / and for they looked but with divining eyes/ they had not skill enough your worth to sing:/ for we,which now behold these present days/ have eyes to wonder, but lack tongues to praise.

Chapter 6: Francis Bacon

Bacon belongs with Philip Sidney(1554-1586),Walter Raleigh(1554-1618) in the group of Elizabethans.他的父亲Nicholas Bacon是Lord Keeper of Great Seal，伊丽莎白女王1世称他是她的“Little Lord Keeper”,虽然培根在女王时期尽可能吸引女王注意力但是并没有取得成功，到了James 1世上台后他成为了一名骑士，在1612-1621他逐渐成功并成为了Lord High Chancellor。Alexander Pope形容他是the wisest,brightest,meanest of mankind.他的作品分为3种，哲学类，文学类，和专著类。

专著类：<advancement of learning> 英文版 1605,<Novum Organum新工具论>拉丁语版1620，<De Augmentis Scientiarum>拉丁语版1623，最大最重要的是<Maxims of the Law and Reading on the Statute of Uses>

文学类：<Essay>是最重要的，经过多次出版，包含许多主题，比如Of Truth/Of Death/Of Revenge/Of Friendship/Of the True Greatness of Kingoms and Estates/，著名的评论家Henry Hallam对他的散文有很高的评价*Derogatory to a man of the slightest claim to polite letter*.培根最初的尝试发表的作品<Essays,Religious Meditaitons,Places of Persuasion and Dissuasion>有法国文豪Montaigne的Essais（1580）的影子。

后来他说*I do not publish my Essays,which of my works have been most current…the come to home to men’s business and bosoms*如果非要给个介绍几个他的哲学类主题，我们推荐你去看他的/Studies/Goodness/Riches/Atheism/Unity in Religion/Adversity/Friendship/Great Place.

Of Truth:略

Of Studies:略

整理/兰桂姬LANGUAGEE