卡片44 社会学（CrashCourse7-8 种族冲突与性别冲突）

W.E.B DuBois & Race Conflict （W.E.B杜波依斯与种族冲突）

🔑Race is thought of as a socially constructed category of people who share biological traits that society has deemed important.

Did something change about Irish and Italian Americans biologically? Of course not.It's how society saw them that changed, and it's that last bit, what race a person is seen as and how they're treated as a result, that ends up being a huge determinant of a person's social outcome.

"One ever feels his twoness, an merican, a negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring id."

🔑Double-consciousness

🔑Racial Identity Theory

🔑 the problems in Black communities were not due to RACIAL INFERIORITY, but to RACIAL PREJUDICE.

🔑Racial Formation Theory - modern sociologists Michael Omi and Howard Winant

NAACP

©️The Hechinger Report

🌹Racism without racists （没有种族主义者的种族主义），会说出黑人白人不应该平权的人很少了，但这并不意味着种族主义成为了过去式，INSTEAD, Structural Racism 结构化种族主义

Harriet Martineau（首位女性社会学家，1802年生于英国） & Gender Conflict

-关注社会结构如何延续性别不平等 -结构功能主义认为，性别不平等，是不同性别的人从事自己最擅长的事的自然结果。许多现代社会学家，不认同这个观点。强化传统性别角色的经济和政治力量结构，通常会导致更多的功能失常（比如性别限制教育机会）。

🔑3 waves of feminism

Intersectionality 交叉理论 - Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw

The analysis of how race, class, and gender interact to create systems of disadvantage that are interdependent. 分析种族、阶级和性别如何交互，以创造劣势相互依存的体系。

You see society and see yourself is gonna be wrapped up in all the identities you have.