心理学学习

第一周 基础的理论和成果

1. 学习重点

• Understand Phineas Gage’s story and its significance

爆炸钢管穿透大脑后 性情大变（无法工作，不忠诚等）——大脑损伤影响心理

• Understand the “astonishing hypothesis” that our mental life is the product of our physical brain
• Understand Descartes’ concept of dualism, identify the strengths of this view, and then explain why modern scientists have abandoned it

二元论，人类和其他动物的不同，人的本质 有生理客体的无形心灵

1. 人类的行为的自发性

2. 我思故我在

局限性，不科学

现代科学：心理活动是大脑活动的产物

神经科学

• Understand the different parts and functions of a neuron

神经元是大脑的基本单元

有三个单位：树突

• Know the different types of neurons and their specific
• Understand how neurons communicate with one another
• Explain in what ways the human mind is wired up differently from the computers we use in our everyday lives.
• Know about the different subcortical structures and what they do
• Know the different lobes of the cerebral cortex and their functions
• Understand and distinguish different problems than can arise from brain damage, including apraxia, agnosia, sensory neglect, aphasia, acquired psychopathy
• Understand the concept of lateralization and contralateral organization
• Distinguish the functions of the right hemisphere from the left hemisphere
• Describe the hard problem of consciousness
• Understand concerns about a scientific approach to psychology and different ways of addressing them.
• Have a basic appreciation of who Freud was and the significance of his work
• Understand Freud’s idea of the unconscious
• Understand the Freudian concept of the id, ego, and superego and distinguish these concepts from one another
• Understand Freud’s psychosexual stages
• Understand the Freudian idea of the Oedipus Complex
• Understand Freud’s different defense mechanisms and distinguish them from one another
• Understand Freud’s concepts of hysteria and catharsis
• Understand the notion of falsifiability and how to distinguish falsifiable theories from unfalsifiable ones
• Apply the concept of falsifiability to Freud’s psychodynamic theories
• Identify components of Freud’s theory that are still considered valuable today
• Understand the three main claims of behaviorism
• Understand habituation and its role in learning
• Understand the logic of classical conditioning and its role in learning
• Distinguish between the different components of classical conditioning, including unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response
• Distinguish between reinforced and unreinforced trials
• Know the best way to pair up the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in order to ensure the best learning
• Explain instrumental conditioning and its role in learning
• Understand the “Law of Effect” and the partial reinforcement effect
• Understand positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment
• Understand and be able to give an example of how instrumental and classical conditioning can be combined
• Understand different schedules of reinforcement (i.e., fixed versus variable, and interval versus ratio) and distinguish between these different schedules
• Understand the main challenges to behaviorism
• Understand the concept of latent learning and why it is a problem for behaviorism
• Articulate Noam Chomsky primary criticisms of behaviorism