道德与正义-01谋杀的道德侧面、同类相残案
从经典的电车难题讨论开始，引入两种moral reasoning
consequentialist-locates morality in the consequences of an act 后果主义
categorical-locates morality in certain duties and rights 绝对道德主义
忠告：
1.哲学会推翻原有的认知，因为会改变对问题的看法。过程可能会很难受
2.哲学可能会使人疏离conventions、established assumptions、settled beliefs，甚至弱化行动力
3.不要陷入skepticism，即认为问题无法解决，就回避思考(skepticism is a resting place for human reason，where it can reflect upon its dogmatic wanderings,but it is no dwelling place for permanent settlement.-kant <纯粹理性批判>)
the philosophy of utilitarianism (proposed by Jeremy Bentham): the right/just thing to do is to maximize utility. he meant by utility the balance of pleasure over pain,happiness over suffering. all human beings are governed by two sovereign masters:pain and pleasure,the right thing to do individually or collectively is to maximize the overall level of happiness.---"the greatest good for the greatest number."
经典案例：1838年，美国作家爱伦坡创作的长篇小说《阿·戈·皮姆故事》中，为同伴所食的水手，名字正是理查德·派克。一语成谶，如今，英文里这名字，不啻海难、食人的代名词。
现实中的木犀草号遇难，船长、大副、资深船员和年仅17岁的见习船员派克四人上了救生艇，艇中没有淡水储备，仅有临时抓住的两听萝卜。仅仅几天食物就吃完了。
船长提议杀掉派克，没有得到另外两人的同意，要求等几天。
两周时间眨眼过去，四人足足八天没吃任何东西，五天没喝淡水，小派克实在渴得不行，晚上偷偷喝了海水。痢疾病缠身的他，已气息奄奄，丧失意识，命悬一线。
此时，船长再次提议以抽签方式干掉派克，以解燃眉之急。于是在船难的第十九天，他们杀死了年轻的派克，并且分食了派克以维持他们的生命。等到海难第24天他们终于遇到了船只得救了。
检察院将食人者告上法院，结果是被告杀人罪名成立，但有权请求赦免。不久，维多利亚女王俯顺舆情，将被告减刑为监禁六个月。
objection：murder is murder.it's categorically wrong. it should be decided by poll.if he is consent,its okay.
question:Do we have certain fundamental rights? Does a fair procedure justify any results? What is the moral work of consent?
