Phil. - Rene Descartes【1596-1650】
Never to accept anything for true which I did not clearly know to be such.
职业：数学家
本体论：二元论Dualism（对立），我思故我在
认识论：理性主义Rationalism，天赋观念
方法论：演绎法
两大贡献
我思故我在
I think, therefore I am.
解析几何学
analytic geometry
笛卡尔主义-演绎法
参考数学公理的不证自明
第一公理：我思故我在
第二公理：上帝存在（心灵存在）
God exists and is no deceiver
We perceive external world
No scepticism about external world
第三公理：外部（物质）世界存在
笛卡尔证明上帝
证明“上帝”作为“我思故我在”的补充
第三沉思：
Argument 1: Trademark Argument
Premise 1
The cause of an idea must at least as much formal reality as the idea has objective reality.
Premise 2
I have in me an idea of God. This idea has infinite objective reality.
Premise 3
I cannot be the cause of this idea, since I am not an infinite and perfect being. I don't have enough formal reality. Only an infinite and perfect being could cause such an idea.
Conclusion
So God - a being with infinite formal reality - must exist and be the source of my idea of God.
原因形式实在性（the formal reality of Cause）≥结果客观实在性
我有上帝观念。这个观念具有无限客观实在性。
我不是上帝概念的原因，因为我不具有足够的形式实在性。
God is the cause of the idea of God.
it is no surprise that God, in creating me, should have placed this idea in me to be, as it were, the mark of the craftsman stamped on his work.
Argument 2: Scepticism
I exist.
My existence must have a cause.
The only possible ultimate causes are
- Myself (x): If I had created myself, I would have made myself perfect. (I am not perfect.)
- My always having existed (x): This does not solve the problem.
- My parents (x): This leads to an infinite regress.
- Something less perfect than God (x): The idea of perfection that exists in me cannot have originated from a non-perfect being. (There must be a perfect thing.)
- God (v)
Therefore, God exists.
我思考 - 我怀疑 - 怀疑不完美 - 存在完美 - 完美即上帝
第五沉思：
Ontological Argument: eternal existence
Descartes finds within himself the idea of God, a supremely perfect being. He clearly and distinctly perceives on the basis of that idea that one property that belongs to God is that of eternal existence. The guarantees it is really true of God that he exists eternally, and as eternal existence entails existence at all times, God exists now.
我当下能明确感知到完美的上帝观念（理性）。
上帝永远存在，所以上帝观念永远存在。
所以上帝存在于当下。
怎么解释人？
物质：external world
意识：internal world
人：物质？意识？
猜测松果体是感知和意识的交流场所
唯物主义/唯心主义/不可知论
检验真理的标准和获取正确知识的途径不是感觉经验，而是理性。
上帝观念被放置于我的心灵（理性rationality）之中，as a trademark，for test of knowledge。
