讲座笔记 | 跨文化交际与文化价值观 1021
这是一场介绍跨文化理论概念的讲座。90%的部分都是理论术语的介绍，先提炼一下我认为有价值的观点吧~
首先，以下的理论概念指向社会群体的，不具有个人指向性；但是！我们可以通过这些概念来预测个人可能出现的行为，也可以在行为形成后，作为一种分析的依据。但是！这些都work as reference，不具有决定性作用。
其次，在看这些调查时，必须明白社会研究的时效性。很多研究可能已经过时，即对于某一群体的界定，会在该群体不断流动的文化变迁后失去时效性。但是！这并不代表研究失去了价值，研究本身的分类仍然是“可参考的”。
最后是我的一些思考。行为与文化的关系好比冰山一角与水中的无际，面对不同文化背景的学生的语言行为，甚至范围更大的文化行为，汉语教师需要look beyond the surface of phenomenon. A person's sense of right and wrong, or what ought to be right or wrong.
文化能够反映我们对是与非的判断，对内在思路的处理，但不能代表另一文化背景下学生的想法。这一点显而易见，但在实际教学中我却常常忽略，还是以类似“膝跳反应”的自然反应去处理，这样是不对的。
下面是笔记，基本上都是概念介绍啦。
Hofstede's 4+1 Value Dimensions：
●Individualism/Collectivism
●Power Distance
●Masculinity/Femininity
●Uncertainty Avoidance
●Long-term Vs.Short-term Orientation
Hofstede在1967-1973年之间进行了the IBM Studies，样本是116,000名IBM的工作者。The IBM Studies is the first on cultures-establish baselines about culture. 优点：非常大的问卷量，样本选得也很均衡；同一个公司，同样的岗位，教育程度，国籍不同。
批评：学者对于ecological validity，生态有效性提出质疑，即研究多大程度上可以代表整个社会，IBM作为西方的公司，是否本身具有特殊性？Can it capture all the values in all the society? 最重要的一点是，没有考虑到东西方的价值观差距。
学者之后又进行调查，补充东方的价值分析：Chinese Values Survey. Michael Harris Bond, collected reponses from students n 22countries from 5 continents. 这位学者总结了四项价值维度 four value dimensions。
●Individualism - collectivism.
●Power distance
●Masculinity - femininity
●Dynamic Confucianism
(long-term Vs. short-term orientation)
1.个人主义与集体主义
Individualism&Collectivism
Individualism
●Individual rights, view self as unique and specia
●Free to express individual thoughts, opinions and emotions
●Independence and self-reliance
●Responsibility and inner motivation
●Applies the same standards to all (universalism)
●A"SELF-other" orientation (self is moreimportant)
Collectivism
●Fitting in to the group; Values belongingness
●Harmony, conformity,and self-control
●Views self as part of an interconnected social network
●Willing to sacrifice
●Individual needs and desires for group benefits
●Connectedness and interdependence
●Applies different standards to ingroups and outgroups (particularism)
●"self-OTHER" orientation (others are more important)
2.Power Distance 权力距离
High Power Distance
●Accepts power as an integral part of the society
●Respects authority
●Accepts hierarchy and power inequality as appropriate andbeneficial
●Values obedience loyalty and deference
●Superiors take precedence
●Refrains from free expression of thoughts, opinions,and emotions in front of superiors
Low Power Distance
●Values equality
●Minimizes social and Class inequalities
●Seeks to reduce hierarchical structures
●Values democracy and participative in decision-making
●Feels free to question or challenge authority
3.Uncertainty Avoidance
Low Uncertainty Avoidance
●Greater tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity
●Deviance is acceptable lower stress
●Conflict and competition are natural; encourage risk-taking
High Uncertainty Avoidance
●Greater need for formal structure
●Less tolerance for deviant people
●Avoid conflict, seek consensus and take fewer risks
4.Masculine & Feminine Cultures
Masculine Cultures
●Achievements, ambition, power, and assertiveness
●Social genders are clearly distinct and complementary
●Accept gender inequality to be appropriate and beneficial
Feminine Cultures
●High value on quality of life, service,
●Caring/compassion for others
●Social gender roles are fluid and flexible
●Value gender equality for both men and women
5. Long-Term Vs. Short-Term Orientation
Tight Cultures&Loose Cultures
●Have strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior
●Have weak norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior
