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翻两首马克斯雅各布（Max Jacob）

大/洋/洋/大 2020-11-17 13:13:22

Max Jacob

Ballad of the country exile/ translated by Harvey Shapiro/中文翻译：我自己

The farmers call me by name on the roads

as they might tell a skylark from a thrush

But they know the names of the animals better

Than mine, for my name is Dolor

If that which i love weighs upon my wound, it pains it;

If it weighs only upon summer, it is the field that suffers.

What will feed summer and my love if not that sorrow,

since my love and summer can no longer feed on joy?

The swan disappears in the slant of branches,

And the naked muses take me in their arms;

The winged horse contains my passion

And the wild flowers spread for me

农民在路上以我的名字呼唤我

他们分得清鸫和云雀

他们更晓得动物的名字，而不是我的

因为我叫苦痛

如果我的所爱压在我的伤口上，爱疼痛伤口

如果我的所爱压在夏天上，痛的是整片田野

如果不是烦恼，夏天和我的所爱将如何过活

因为曾经的喜悦都已不再

天鹅消失在树枝倾斜处

赤裸的灵感用我入怀

长翅膀的马容纳我的热情

为了我，野花铺展

Love of the neighbour/translated by William Burford/中文翻译：我自己

Who has seen the toad cross a street? He is quite a little fellow: a puppet is not littler. He drags himself on his knees: he is ashamed, you would say...? No! He is rheumatic, a leg stays behind, he retrieves it! Where is he going in this manner? He comes from the sewer, poor clown. Nobody noticed this toad in this street. There was a time when nobody noticed me in the street; now the children jeer at my yellow star*. Happy toad! You have no yellow star.

谁看见蟾蜍过街？这小家伙：傀儡一般，也没让人更讨厌。他用膝盖拖着自己：他羞愧，你可能会说……？不！他只是得了风湿病，一条腿落在身后，但他在康复！它这样走哪儿？他打下水道来，可怜的小丑。没人注意到街上的蟾蜍。像曾经没人注意到街上的我一样；如今小孩儿嘲笑我的犹太星。幸福的蟾蜍，你至少没有这黄色的星星。

图一：纳粹党强迫犹太人佩戴的黄色六芒星。

*犹太星，纳粹统治时，犹太人佩戴的黄色标示，以犹太人的大卫六芒星为原型。Jews throughout Nazi-occupied Europe were forced to wear a badge in the form of a Yellow Star as a means of identification. ... The star was intended to humiliate Jews and to mark them out for segregation and discrimination. The policy also made it easier to identify Jews for deportation to camps. （https://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/info/yellowstar/theyellowstar.html）

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雅各布最以散文诗出名。在此，我就翻译了雅各布的两首诗，因为是从英文翻译版二次翻译，（我查阅了法文原文力求减少错误了），可能还有很多纰漏，等我学好法语，再翻一次吧。

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拖更这么久，抱歉。

今天接着阿波利奈尔的朋友圈开始探索，我们来看另外一个诗人Max Jacob，马克斯·雅各布。犹太人，于1876年7月12日，雅各布出生在法国西北部城市Quimper。二十一岁时搬去彼时艺术家云集的巴黎蒙马特区。同住舍友居然就是毕加索，后俩经毕加索介绍，就认识了阿波利奈尔。

图二：毕加索笔下的马克斯雅各布

他沉浸在蒙纳特的波西米亚的艺术氛围里，二十世纪初的现代主义，以及立体主义，超现实主义等都在他的作品里有所体现。但却在各个艺术范畴均微不足道。以至于我在中文互联网里几乎查不到他的任何资料。尽管他的边缘化现状，艺术评论家Sydney Levy却有独特的见解（至于是强行找补，还是另辟蹊径，仁者见仁，智者见智了。）：

critic Sydney Levy offers an alternative interpretation of Jacob’s literary identity. “Rather than considering Max Jacob a failed cubist, a failed surrealist, a failed Jew, or a failure of any sort, I propose to view his marginality as a front, a narrow boundary that belongs to none of the systems it separates yet incorporates them all, something which contains signs of each system, which announces the new yet retains traces of the old.”

图三：老年马克斯雅各布

我觉得马克斯雅各布特别让人眼前一亮的不仅是他在二战期间的犹太身份，还有他长期的贫困。这很有别于其他巴黎艺术家富裕生活。

雅各布一生没能脱离贫困，如此清贫和低微的生活在他的诗中皆有体现。为了生活他曾一边创作，一边在餐厅和街头贩卖自己的诗集。最终还是迫于生活的压力离开巴黎。

虽然雅各布成长于犹太家庭，但他后来又改宗天主教。他自称经历过两次异象：两次皆看见耶稣。他的“非自主”的同性恋倾向给他带来的身份认同上的压力宗教信仰的改变后得到一丝缓解。但抹不去的犹太身份，使他在1944年，在纳粹统治下的法国被捕，在集中营中，因肺炎不治身亡，享年67岁。

当然除了这些正统的介绍，我在查资料的期间，还看到了华盛顿邮报一篇关于雅各布的花边新闻介绍。非常Juicy。放在文尾，自己去看。

Like his English contemporary Max Beerbohm, the French Max was also a dandy, one who sported a monocle, favored pink shirts and carried a walking stick. This doesn’t mean he was well-to-do: In his younger days he would hawk his poetry collections in cafes to earn a few francs. A party animal and irrepressible flirt, this Harlequin of Montmartre was nonetheless deeply drawn to the mystical and spiritual, twice experiencing visions of Jesus Christ, the second time in a crowded cinema. Still, as Warren emphasizes, even a deeply devout Catholic — who regarded the Host as a kind of aspirin for every spiritual malaise — was still a Jew in an often highly anti-Semitic France. In 1944, Jacob was consequently imprisoned at Drancy, the French holding center for Jews destined for transport to Auschwitz. Two collaborationist friends, the theatrical eminences Jean Cocteau and Sacha Guitry, intervened to save him, but the release order arrived too late: He had died of pneumonia the day before.

As a child, Jacob was treated for neurasthenia by Jean-Martin Charcot, Freud’s mentor. While a student, he lived in the same apartment building as the Swedish playwright August Strindberg. The Christian philosopher Jacques Maritain became his spiritual adviser.

Over time Jacob came to know almost every important Paris-based modernist: Le Douanier Rousseau, Erik Satie, Georges Braque, Gertrude Stein, Andre Breton, Maurice Sachs, Michel Leiris, Marcel Jouhandeau.