《逃避自由》摘录
在精神分析运动中,尽管出现了不同的思想,形成了不同 的流派,但是精神分析学派总的还是有一些共同的东西,即强 调儿童期的影响,强调压抑的作用,用病态的观点来看待现代 的人性等。 。精神分析在第二次世界大战以后蓬勃发展,深入到 西方社会、生活、思想、文化各个领域,融合到了整个西方社 会之中,成了西方社会不可分离的一部分。究其原因,乃是因 为两次世界大战对西方人性造成的战害,以及后工业社会给人 的精神造成的强大压力之故。 如何缓解 精神压力,如何消除不良影响,如何避免病态人格,如何营造 融洽的家庭氛围、和谐的社会环境,健康地生活和成长,这是 我国学界面临的重要课题之一。基于此,我们组织翻译了这套 《精神分析经典译丛》,希望能够给我国学界和广大读者提供 一些参考。本
,分别从性欲、社会、生活环境、文化传统等方面对人的病态心理一一大至精神 疾患,小至日常笔误、舌误等过失进行了深入的精神分析。 。读 书界完全懂得要用正确的分析态度去研读这些著作,汲取其精 华,剔除其糟柏,为我所用,这一点无需我们多说。
—————— 究现代人的性格结构及有关心理 因素和社会因素相互作用的问题。
,强调从心理学角度考事当前形势的重要性,这并 不意味着过高估计心理学的作用。社会进程的基本单位是个 人、个人的欲望与恐惧、激情与理性、选择善恶的倾向。
一种以弗洛伊德理论的基本成就为基础,但在许多重要方面异于弗洛伊德 精神分析的方法见诸卡伦·荷妮的《精神分析新方法》,纽约w. w. 诺顿 及公司( 1939 年版),及哈里·斯塔克·沙利文的《现代精神治疗学新概 念一一纪念威廉姆·阿兰森·怀特首次演讲》,我《精神治疗》, 1940 年 版,第三卷,第l 号。尽管二者相异之处颇多,此处所介绍的基本是二者 相同的看法。
—————— 我们可以称这种在价值、符号、模式方面 缺乏联系为精神孤独
说,在个人完全切断束缚他进入外面世界的“脐带”之前,他无自由可言;但这些纽带给了他安全,使他有 归属感,他感到生命的根
一旦个体化全部完成,个人从这些始发纽带中解放出 来,他又面临新的任务:他必须自我定位,在这个世界上扎下 根,寻找不同于其前个体存在状态所具有的更安全的保护方 式。此时的自由含义也与以往不同。
个体化进程的另一方面是孤独日益加深。始发纽带提供了 安全保护,以及与外面世界连为→体的基本条件。这种状况→ 直持续到儿童意识到自己在赖以发生的世界里的孤独状态,意 识到自己是与别人分离的个体。个人独立存在,与世界分离; 与世界相比,个人觉得世界强大无比,能压倒一切,而且危险 重重,由此,他产生一种无能为力感和焦虑感。 【只要个人还是 那个世界不可分割的-部分,还没意识到个人行动的可能性和 责任,他就用不着害怕。一旦成为一个个人,他就形只影单, 只能独自面对世界各方面的危险和强大压力。
于是,为了克服孤独与无能为力感,个人便产生了放弃个 性( individual 时)的冲动,要把自己完全消融在外面的世界 里。然而,这些冲动与由此而生的新纽带及自我增长进程中切 断的始发纽带并不是一回事。正如儿童永远无法在肉体上返回 母亲的子宫里,同样,个体化进程在物质上也是不能重复的。 此类企图必然带有臣服特征,其中权威与臣服于它的儿童之间 的基本冲突永远不会消除。儿童可能在意识上感到安全和满 足,但在潜意识里,他却认识到其代价便是放弃力量与自我完 整。 然而,臣服并非避免孤独和焦虑的惟一方式。还有另外一 种,这是惟一一种良性的不以无休止的冲突而告终的方式, 即,与人和自然的自发联系。它把个人与世界联系起来,但并 没有毁灭其个性,这类联系的本质体现就是爱与劳动,它植根 于全部人格的完整与力量中,因而也受自我增长中存在的局限 限制。
如果分离和个体化进程的每一步都伴随着相应的自我增 长,那么儿童的发展便和谐了。然而,事实却非如此。在个体 化进程自发进行的同时,一些个人及社会的原因却妨碍了自我 的增长。这两个趋势间巨大差异的结果是人产生-种无法忍受 的孤立与无能为力感,还导致心理逃避机制的产生,也就是后 面所说的逃避机制。
人走出前人类舞台,就标志 着迈出了摆脱强制本能的束缚,谋求自由的第一步,如果我们 清楚本能上有一种【受先天神经结构网络决定的特殊行为模式, 我们就能在动物王国发现一种清晰的趋势。[ I 〕动物发展程度 越低,它对自然的适应能力就越强,它的所有活动便越受本能 和反射行为机制的控制,某些昆虫的社会化组织都完全是本能 使然。相反,动物的发展程度越高,它的行为模式的灵活性就 越大,出生时的结构调整功能就越不完整,
……,他开始生产;他发明了工 具,并在支配自然的过程中,离它越来越远。他开始朦胧地意 识到自我或其群类与自然不同;他渐渐明白了自己的悲剧命 运:他既是自然的一部分,又要超越自然。他还发现,哪怕竭 力幻想否定死亡,但死亡仍是他的最终归宿。
%(。(?
……在伊甸园里,与自然浑然一体。那里惟有 和平,没有劳动的必要;没有选择,没有自由,更没有思考。
挥然一体,能获得安全感。他属于并植根 于有组织的整体,他在那里有无可置疑的位置。他或许遭受饥 饿和压迫,但不会有最大的痛苦一一完全的孤独与疑虑。
【但是,随着个人在许多方面的成长,在 心智和情感方面的发展,在文化上取得前所未有的成就,“摆 脱束缚,获得自由”与“自由地发展”两种自由之间的鸿沟 越来越大,人挣脱了束缚自由的纽带,但又没有积极实现自由 和个性的可能性,这种失衡在欧洲的结果便是,人们疯狂地逃 避自由,建立新的纽带关系,或至少对自由漠然视之。】
……这种个人微不足道的价值观, 个人根本无法依赖自己,个人的臣服需求,也是希特勒意识形 态的主题,虽然它缺乏新教强调自由与道德原则的固有特征。
15、16世纪……那时 同现在→样,→大部分人的传统生活方式受到经济和社会组织革命性变革的威胁;今天,尤其是中产阶级,受到垄断权力及 资本强大力量的威胁。这种威胁通过强化个人的孤独感和微不 足道感,对社会中受威胁群体的精神和意识形态产生了重大 影响。
教会……同时也坚定了个人的信心,使人相信教 会对其子民的无条件的爱,并提供了一条使人相信其罪己得 恕,仍为上帝所爱的途径。人对上帝更多的是信心与爱,而非 怀疑与恐惧。正如农民和城里人很少走出属于自己的那小块地 盘,宇宙也是有限的,很容易理解。地球和人是其中心,天堂或地狱是来世的归宿,显然,人的活动始终是因果相联的。
在中世纪,【人类意识的两个方面-一一内心自省和外界 观察都一样一一一一直是在一层共同的纱幕之下,处于半梦 半醒状态。这层纱幕是由【信仰、幻想和幼稚的偏见织成 的,透过它向外看,【世界和历史都呈现出一种奇怪的色 彩,【人只是作为一个种族、民族、党派、家族或社团的一 员一一只是通过某些一般的范畴,而意识到自己。[ I ]
……大自然……它是人在理论和实践上要主宰的对象;它的美又使它 成为人们体验快乐的对象。 %(?
关于本书 讨论的问题,他所说的 日益加剧的自我进步竞争斗争带来的不安全感、顺从 及绝望,与本书关系尤为密切。 %。
我们发现,人文主义者的哲学著作里也包含着同样的矛盾。他们的哲学在强调入的尊严、个性 及力量的同时,也表现了不安全和绝望感。〔I 〕潜在的不安全 感摞于个人在一个敌对世界里的孤立状态。它可以解释如布克 哈特所指出的文艺复兴时期特有的疯狂追逐名声的个人性格特 征之起源,( 2 〕这种现象不会发生在中世纪社会结构的成员中, 至少不会那么强烈。如果生命的意义有了疑问,如果与他人及 自己的关系不再提供安全,那么名声便是消除疑问的一种方 式。它。它与埃及人的金字塔及基督徒的永生信仰有相同的功能: 它把个人的生命从受束缚和不稳定状态提升到坚不可摧状态。 如果同代人知道自己的名字,井有希望流芳千古,那么,借他 人的价值判断反映,他的生命便有了意义。很
我们 将集中注意力探讨个人摆脱束缚是如何影响了城市中产阶级的 性格结构问题;我们欲表明,新教和加尔文主义在表达一种新 自由感的同时,也开始逃避自由之累。
我们所讲的经济变革的一个显明的后果便是它影响了每个 人。中世纪的社会制度及它所带来的稳定与相对安全均被破 坏。现在,随着资本主义的开始,社会各阶级都开始动起来。 人在经济秩序中天经地义、无庸置疑的固定位置不复存在。【个 人陷入孤立;任何事情都依赖自己的努力,而非他的传统社会 地位的安全保护。
【资本决定性地位的获得,意味着-种超人的力量在控制着 人们的经济和人们的自身命运。】 资本“已不再是奴仆,而成 为主人。它一旦获得了某种独立自存的活力,便要求作为主要 合伙者的权利,按照其自身的规律来统治经济组织。” 市场的新功能的影响也相似。 %“ can you trust me? no such disease。
对人产生影响的另一个重要因素便是竞争的加剧。
金钱 成了人最大的等价物,比出身门第更有力量。 %(?)
In studying the psychological significance of a religious or political doctrine, we must first bear in mind that the psychological analysis does not imply a judgment concerning the truth of the doctrine one analyses. This latter question can be decided only in terms of the logical structure of the problem itself. The analysis of the psychological motivations behind certain doctrines or ideas can never be a substitute for a rational judgment of the validity of the doctrine and of the values which it implies, although such analysis may lead to a better understanding of the real meaning of a doctrine and thereby influence one's value judgment.
What the psychological analysis of doctrines can show is the subjective motivations which make a person aware of certain problems and make him seek for answers in certain directions. Any kind of thought, true or false, if it is more than a superficial conformance with conventional ideas, is motivated by 【the subjective needs and interests of the person who is thinking】. It happens that some interests are furthered by finding the truth, others by destroying it. But in both cases the psychological motivations are important incentives for 【arriving at certain conclusions】. We can go even further and say that 【ideas which are not rooted in powerful needs of the personality will have little influence on the actions and on the whole life of the person concerned. %。(do you consent?
我们分析新教及加尔文教派教义的心理意义时,并不讨论 路德和加尔文的人格,而要探讨他们的理论所吸引的社会阶级 的心理境况。在讨论路德的神学之前,我只想简单地提一下, 作为一个人,路德是下文将描述的那种“权威主义性格”的 典型代表。由于他是在父亲极为严厉的教养下成长起来的,孩 提时代的他又缺乏爱与安全感,所以他的人格便不断受到对权 威的矛盾心理的折磨,他憎恨权威,所以抗权威,但同时又崇 拜、服从它。他的一生总有两个权威存在,一个是他所反对 的,一个是他所崇拜的。在青年时代,他既反抗又崇拜他的父 亲及修道院里的僧长们,后来则是罗马教皇及世俗君主们。他 【【内心充满了极度的孤独、无能为力及邪恶感,但同时又有一种 想统治的激情。】他备受怀疑的折磨,这种情况只有强迫性格的 人才会有。【他还不断寻找某种能赋予他内在的安全感、将他从 怀疑的折磨中解脱出来的东西。】【他恨别人,尤其下层社会里的 “乌合之众”,他恨自己,恨生活。】【一种极度强烈的渴望被爱 的冲动从所有这些憎恨中油然而生。他的整个身心充满了【恐 惧、疑虑,内心极为孤独。在这个个人基础上,他将成为具有 相似心理态势的社会群体的领袖。 % 。
,一个即便主观上真诚的人,也经常会受 到潜意识动机的驱使,它与个人确信的主观动机不同,他可能 会使用一个逻辑含义确然的概念,然而在潜意识里,该概念又 另有所指,异于这个“官方的正式”含义。 ,通过建构意识形态,或掩盖用理性拥制的口是心非的思 想观念,他会试图调和自己情感里的矛盾冲突。 我们己了解了 潜意识因素的作用,这告诫我们对【言辞须持怀疑态度,不能只 按表面价值定夺。
我们说路德与上帝的关系是建立在人的无能为力基础之上 的臣服关系。他本人说这种【臣服是自愿的,不是出于恐惧,而 是出于【爱。那么,从逻辑上讲,也可以说这并非臣服。然而, 从心理角度分析路德的整个思想结构,这种爱或信仰实际上就 是臣服。虽然他自觉地用自愿及爱等字眼来解释他对上帝的 “臣服”,但实际上却是那种笼罩他的【无能为力及罪恶感使他 与上帝关系的性质变成臣服。(正如受虐狂常常自觉地视受他 人虐待为“爱”一样)所以,从心理分析的角度来看,路德 所说的不同于我们相信他所指的(尽管是潜意识里的),对观 点提出异议,是没有多少道理的。我们确信,只有分析他的概 念的心理含义,才能理解他理论体系里的某些矛盾。
……尽管阿奎纳宣扬【预定论, 可强调【意志自由,一直是他的基本教义之一。为了调和自由及 预定论,他被迫【建构】了最复杂最深奥的理论。但是,虽然这些建构并没有令人满意地解决【矛盾冲突】,然而他确实未在自由意 志理论及人的努力面前退却,而是认为它是人得救的辅助,尽 管意志本身需要上帝恩典的扶持。
乍看起来,向教皇购买赎罪券以免除炼狱之罚的做法似乎 与人的努力可以使自己得救的思想相矛盾。因为它意味着人的 得救依靠的是教会权威及其圣礼。但是,尽管这在某种程度上 是正确的,不过它确实带有一种【希望与安全的精神。【如果人自 己便能轻而易举地免受惩罚,那么沉重的罪恶感便会大大缓 解。他会相对轻松地从过去的重负中解脱出来,排解困扰他的 焦虑。】此外,我们还不应忘记,根据教会明确或不明确的理 论,赎罪券只有在购买者悔罪并忏悔的前提下才有作用。
坚信人的邪恶败坏,坚信人自己元法向善,是上帝赐予恩 典的一个根本条件。 % 。△△△△▲▲▲ 。……也就是说,这种正义是外在的,完全是身外 之物。”
“,上 帝将以人难以理解的正义行动拯救人”
The doctrines that man was a powerless tool in God's hands and fundamentally evil, that his only task was to resign to the will of God, that God could save him as the result of an incomprehensible act of justice--these doctrines were not the definite answer a man was to give who was so much driven by despair, anxiety, and doubt and at the same time by such an ardent wish for certainty as Luther. He eventually found the answer for his doubts. In 1518a sudden revelation came to him. Man cannot be saved on the basis of his virtues; he should not even meditate whether or not his works were well pleasing to God; but he can have certainty of his salvation if he has faith. Faith is given to man by God; once man has had the indubitable subjective experience of faith he can also be certain of his salvation. The individual is essentially receptive in this relationship to God. Once man receives God's grace in the experience of faith his nature becomes changed, since in the act of faith he unites himself with Christ, and Christ's justice replaces his own which was lost by Adam's fall. However, man can never become entirely virtuous during his life, since his natural evilness can never entirely disappear
。我们必须牢记已讨论过的这种怀疑的性质:它并非植根于 自由思考和敢于质疑既定观点的理性怀疑,而是掘于个人的孤 立和无能为力感的非理性怀疑,他对世界满怀焦虑,满怀仇 恨。理性答案永远不能治愈这个非理性怀疑。 %(?agree? 只有在个人成为 富有意义的世界的不可分割的→部分时,它才会消失。否则, 如路德及其所代表的中产阶级那样,怀疑只能被压制下去,悄 无声息地转入地下,也就是说,某些提供绝对肯定的模式可以 达此目的。正如我们所发现,路德强迫性地渴求肯定并非真信 仰的表现,是根源于征服无法忍受的怀疑的需求。路德的对策 正是今天许多人所使用的方法,只是他们不用神学术语思考而 已,即通过消灭孤立的个体自我,通过使个人成为→种个人之 外的握有生杀大权的人于中的工具,来寻找肯定。对路德而 言,这一权力便是上帝,他无条件地服从他,求得肯定。但 是,尽管他在某种程度上不断成功地压抑了其怀疑,可从未真 正将它除掉过。真到生命最后一天,他仍在受着怀疑的折磨, 不得不努力强化对外界权威的屈服以便克服疑虑。从心理角度 讲,信仰有两种完全不同的含义:它可能是内心与人类相联并 肯定生命的表示;也可能是对那种根本的个人怀疑情绪的-种 反应构成,这种怀疑情绪植根于个人的孤立与对生活的消极态 度中。路德的信仰便具有那种补充特性。
。怀疑是现代哲学的起点;平息怀 疑的需求是现代哲学及科学发展的最强大剌激。
【【平息怀疑的现代企图,无论是强制性地奋斗以渴求成 功,还是坚信事实的无限知识可以回答对肯定的渴望,亦或臣 服于一个负有“肯定”责任的领袖】】,这些方案都只能消除对 怀疑的主观意识。在人未克服自己的孤立,并【从人的需求角度 使自己在世界中的地位富有意义之前,怀疑本身是无法消 失的。
%。
福音道出了他们的希望和期 待,止如它曾给早期基督教时代的奴隶与劳工带来希望一样。 福音引导穷人寻找自由和公正。只要路德抨击权威并把福音之 道作为其教义的中心,
但是,路德并不仅仅道出了他所传教的社会阶级的微不足 道感,而且为他们提供了一个【解决办法。个人不但接受自己的 微不足道,而且最大限度地贬抑自己,要完全放弃个人意志, 抛弃个人力量,惟有如此才能有希望为上帝接纳。路德与上帝 完全是一种【臣服关系。其信仰概念的意义用心理学上的话来讲 便是:【如果你彻底臣服,如果你接受你个人的微不足道,那么 全能的上帝便有可能愿意爱你救你。如果你彻底抹煞了个人自 我连同其所有缺点及怀疑,那么,你便摆脱自己的那种微不足 道感,便获得了自由,便能同享上帝的荣耀。】因此,路德在将 人从教会的权威中解放出来的同时,又使他们臣服于→个更加 暴虐的权威一-上帝,他要求人彻底臣服并消灭个人自我,以 此作为人得救的根本条件。路德的“信仰”就是【【坚信投降是 被爱的先决条件】,它与个人完全臣服于国家和“领袖”的原 则有很多相同之处。 % △
,但却竭力主张臣服于世俗权威、君主。 “不管政府如何邪恶,上帝 总喜欢让它存在,不管百姓的造反行动多么有理,上帝却不允 许他们犯上作乱。……君主就是君主,无论他多么残暴。他必 须处死一小撮人,因为要成为一个统治者,他必须有臣民。” 路德仇恨并鄙视无权的民众,称他们为“暴民”,尤其在 他们的革命企图超出一定限度时,这是他热爱又畏惧权威的另 一面。他在一篇臭名昭著的文章里写到:“因此,无论谁只要 力所能及,无论是暗地还是公开,都应该把他们戳碎、扼死、 刺杀,牢记判乱是罪恶大、危害深或穷凶极恶的勾当。就像必 须打死疯狗一样,你不打它,它就要咬你和你所在的整个 世界。”
在逃避的心理机制一章中我们将表明 这种同时具有的对权威的热爱与对无权者的仇恨正是“权威 主义性格”的典型特征。
【“准备失掉作为中世纪典型思想特征的那种情感,即 人、人的精神得救及人的精神目标便是生命的目的。他得准备 充当一个角色,其中他的生命成为达到自身之外的目的的一种 手段,成为经济生产和资本积累的工具。”
,根本怀疑导致拼命追求绝对的确定性。 但是,尽管预定论赋予人这种确定性,然而怀疑 仍然存在。人不得不反复用不断强化的疯狂信念来平息怀疑, 即坚信自己所属的宗教团体代表的正是上帝选中的那部分人。
焦虑状态,无能为力感和微不足道感,尤其是对个人来世的怀疑,代表了一种任何人实际上都难以忍受的思 想状态。几乎没有一个受这种恐惧困扰的人能够放松自己,享 受生活,并对来世漠不关心。 一种可能逃避这种难以忍受的不 确定状态,并麻痹自己的微不足道感的方式就是疯狂地活动, 拼命地做事。这恰恰成为加尔文主义越来越显著的特征。这种 意义上的活动具有强迫性质:个人必须积极活动,以克服他的 怀疑感和无能为力感。这种努力和活动并非内在力量和自信的 结果,而是绝望地逃避焦虑。 。 【他的焦虑,如果没有麻痹他的话, 也会使他多少做出些急躁的举动。他可能在地板上踱来踱去, 向碰到的人问问题,并喋喋不休地说个不停;可能清理自己的 桌子,也可能写信。他可能继续自己往常的工作,但会更加拼 命疯狂地干。他无论做何种努力,都是受焦虑的驱动,都意在 通过拼命地活动来克服无能为力感。】 % 。 。
数石子、玩扑克牌、赌博等行 为常常是与焦虑和怀疑不自觉地联系在一起的。而只有一种分析能揭示他的 活动的隐含功能:揭示未来。 %(? but why ?
【任何一个 社会里的人如果想生存,就必须劳动。许多社会靠奴隶的劳动 解决了这个问题,以便使自由人致力于“更高贵”的职业。】
我们已看到路德和加尔文是多么强烈地强调人的邪恶,并 宣称自我贬抑自我羞辱是所有美德的基础。他们主观意识上想 的无非是极端的谦虚。但是,凡是熟悉自责和自抑心理机制的 人,都不会怀疑这种“谦虚”是植根于一种强烈的仇恨 % ? 自责和自抑心理机制
对他人与 对自己的态度,不但构不成冲突,反而在原则上是平行的。但 是,对他人的敌视往往是意识到了的,可以直接表达出来,而 对自己的敌视往往(病态情况例外)是无意识的,都以间接 的理性化方式表达出来。一种是我们刚刚说过的积极强调他自 己的邪恶与微不足道。另一种是以良心或责任义务的伪装形式 出现。正如谦虚的存在与自我仇恨无关一样,真正的良心要求 及义务感并不植根于敌视。真正的良心是人格的有机组成部分 之一,昕从良心的命令便是肯定整个自我。然而,我们发现, 从宗教改革到现代,无论在宗教还是世俗的合理化中,充乐于 现代人生活的“义务感”,都带有被重的敌视自我色彩。“良 心”是奴隶的监工,是人作茧自缚。它驱使人按照自认为是 自己的愿望和目标行事,而实际上它们却是外界社会要求的内 在化。它残忍无情地驱赶着人,禁止他享受欢乐和幸福,把他 的整个生命变成为某种神秘的罪孽赎罪。〔1
敌视……它还可以解释另外一个令人大惑不解的矛盾:【这种谦虚总 伴随着对他人的轻蔑,自我主义实际上已取代爱与怜悯。 自我贬抑和自 我否定“良心”只是敌视的一个方面,另一面是对他人的轻 蔑和仇恨。
Freud has seen the hostility of man against himself which is contained in what he called the super-ego. He also saw that the super-ego was originally the intemalization of an external and dangerous authority. But he did not distinguish between spontaneous ideals which are part of the sell, and internal ized commands which rule the self. ,
新教义还为个人指明了-条应对焦虑的道路。它【告诫个 人,只要完全接受自己的元能为力,承认自己本性的邪恶,只 要把毕生视为-个赎罪的过程,只要完全贬抑自己,只要不懈 地努力,就能克服自己的怀疑与焦虑;只要彻底臣服,就能为 上帝所爱,至少能有希望跻身上帝欲救者之列。】新教是给那些 惊恐异常、备感动荡而又孤立无援的个人欲同新世界相联的人 性需求提供的答案。因经济和社会变革形成的性格结构,在受 到宗教教义的强化后,反过来又成为塑造未来社会经济发展的 一个重要因素。【【恰恰是那些植根于这个性格结构中的特质 强迫自己去劳动、励行节俭、甘愿把自己的生命当成他人达到 目的的工具、禁欲主义以及强迫性的义务感,已成了资本主义 社会的生产力,没有它们,现代经济与社会的发展是无法想象 的。】 %
它们是塑造人类能量的特殊形式,并在社会进程中成为→ 种生产力。从经济发展必需的角度来看,根据新形成的性格特 质行动是有益的。它还能使人获得心理上的满足,因为这种行 为答复了这种新人格的需求和焦虑。
新的宗教、哲学及政 治等意识形态……新形成的性格特质……虽然最初它们是作 为对新经济力量之威胁的反作用力发展起来的,但渐渐地它们 却又成为推动并强化新经济发展的生产力。
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我们意在 表明,现代社会结构在两个方面同时影响了人。它使人越来越 独立、自主,越富有批判精神,同时又使他越来越孤立、孤 独、恐惧。要理解整个自由问题,就必须全面把握这个过程的 两个方面,不能顾此失彼。
这是很困难的,因为我们缺乏从辨证角度思考问题的习 惯,并容易怀疑一个原因是否会同时产生两种相矛盾的倾向。 不仅如此,自由的消极面,即它给人带来的负担,通常很难为 人所认识,尤其是那些心系自由之事业的人。因为现代史上争 取自由的斗争大都着眼于反对旧式权威和束缚。人们自然会觉 得传统的束缚消灭得越多,获得的自由也就越大。然而,我们 没有真正认识到,虽然人除掉了自由的旧敌,但性质不同的新 敌又出现了。这些新敌基本不是外在束缚,而是妨碍人格自由 充分实现的内在因素。例如,我们相信信仰自由是自由最后的 胜利之一。
……闻,它们会削弱自由战胜传统的敌人获得胜利的意义。所 以,我们往往认为自由问题只不过是更多地获得现代历史进程 中曾获得的那种自由,认为捍卫自由只是不过反对此类与这种 自由为敌的权力。我们忘记了,尽管我们必须全力以赴地捍卫 已赢得的每个自由,可自由不仅仅是个量的问题,而且是个质 的问题,我们不但要保存并扩大传统的自由,而且要赢得一种 新自由,它能使我们认识到属于自己的个人自我,可以使我们
【要正确估价工业制度对这种内在自由的影响,就必须从充 分了解资本主义的巨大进步对人格的发展产生的影响入手。事 实上,任何对现代社会的批判评估,如果忽视问题的这个方 面,都是一种非理性的浪漫主义情绪在作怪,他们批判资本主 义,似乎并不想促进人类的进步,而意在摧毁现代历史上人的 最重要成就。】
……他的所做所为都是为了自己,人类活动的全部强 大动力便是自利与自我中心主义。根据本章开始所讲的,我们 相信这在某种程度上是正确的。近四百年来,人为自己做了许 多,都在为自己的目的而努力。但是,如果我们这里所说的 “他”不是指“工人”、“生产者”,而是指有感情、智力及感 性潜能的具体的人,那么许多看似是他的目的的东西,其实并 不是他的。【资本主义除肯定个人外,还导致了自我否定和禁欲 主义,这是新教精神的直接继续。 为了说明这-点,我们首先要重申上一章提出的一个事 实。资本在中世纪制度下是人的奴仆,但在现代制度下它却成 了主人。中世纪世界的经济活动是达到目的的一种手段,【生活 本身才是目的,或者像天主教会理解的那样,人精神上的得救 才是目的。】经济活动必不可少,甚至富人也可以为上帝的目的 服务,但所有外在活动只有在促进生活目的的前提下,才有意 义,才光彩。在中世纪思想家看来,视经济活动为目的,为获 利而获利是不合理的,而现代思想则恰恰与之相反。 在资本主义经济活动中,【成功、获得物质利益成了目的本 身。人的命运便是促进经济制度的进步,帮助积累资本,这并 非为了自己的幸福或得救,而把它作为目的本身。人成了巨大 经济机器上的一个齿轮,如果他有很多资本,便是一个重要齿 轮;如果没有资本,便是个无足轻重的齿轮,但都总是一个服 务于自身目的之外的齿轮。】新教实际上为【个人急于臣服于自身 之外的目的奠定了基础,尽管路德和加尔文只承认此类经济活 动的至高无上,此外别无它意。但是,通过打断人的精神支 柱,摧毁人的尊严和自豪感,通过教谕,他活动的目的是外在 于他自己的,他们在神学教义中早为这个去展奠定了基础。
自私与自爱并不是一回事,恰恰相反,二者是对立的。自 私是一种贪婪。同所有的贪婪一样,它蕴含着一种不满足性, 其结果是永远没有真正的满足。贪婪是一个无底洞,它耗尽了 人的精力,人虽然不停地努力使其需求得到满足,但却总是达 不到。只要仔细观察便可发现,自私的人总是对自己焦虑异 常,他总是不满足,整天心神不定,害怕所得不足,怕错过什 么,更怕被剥夺了什么。他对任何可能得到更多的人嫉妒万 分。如果我们再进一步观察,尤其注意潜意识动力,我们发现 这类人根本不喜欢自己,而是极其厌恶自己。 这个看似矛盾的怪现象其实很容易解释。不喜欢自我恰恰 是自私的根源。不喜欢自己、不认同自己的人常常对自我焦虑 异常。他缺乏内在的安全感,而内在的安全感只能建立在真的 喜欢与肯定自己的基础之上。他必须关注自己,贪求所有东 西,因为他根本就缺乏安全感与满足感。自恋的人也是如此, 他虽不关心自己有所得,但却景仰自己。表面看来这些人非常 爱自己,实际上他们并不喜爱自己,他们的自恋同自私一样是 对根本缺乏自爱的一种过分补偿。弗洛伊德已指出,自恋的人 撤回了对别人的爱,把它转向自己。尽管这个论断的前半部分 是正确的,但后半部分却是错误的。他既不爱他人也不爱 自己。 % (关于自恋的部分——?
现代人相信自己是受 自私动机的驱使,而实际上他生命的目的却并非他自己的。 现代人的自我是社会的自我。
即使这是正确的,对自然主宰能力的不断增长难道不会导 致个人自我力量的增加吗?这在某种程度上是对的,正因如 此,它涉及的是个人发展的积极面,对此我们并未加以否认。 但是,虽然人对大自然的主宰达到了相当高的程度,但社会并 未控制它所创造的力量。从技术方面来看,伴随生产制度的理 性化而来的是它的社会方面的非理性化。
【【人不但卖商品,而且也卖自己,觉得自 己是一件商品。体力劳动者出卖自己的体力,商人、医生、职 员则出卖他们的“人格”。如果他们要出卖他们的产品或服务 的话,就必须有“人格”。【这种人格必须博人欢心,但除此之 外其主人还必须符合一些其他要求:必须精力充沛,有创造 性,能适应各种各样的特殊职位。同其他商品一样,市场决定 了这些人类特质的价值,甚至他们的存在。正像一件有使用价 值的滞销商品毫无价值一样,如果一个人所具有的特质没有用 处,他便毫无价值。因此,自信、“自我感”只不过是别人评 判的一种指示,使他确信自己价值的不是他自己,而是声望 (popularity )和在市场上的成功。如果他受人追逐,有声望, 那他便是个人物,便有价值;如果他默默无闻,便什么也不 是。声望对现代人之所以如此重要,其原因就在于这种“人】】 % 。 。
格”成功成了自我评价的依托。它不但决定了一个人在实际 事务中是否能够领先,而且决定了一个人能否保持对自己的自 我评价或是否跌人自卑的深渊之中。〔l 〕
【……有些因素可 以帮助他克服这点,使潜在的不安全感不至过分表现出来。首 先,他的自我是以拥有财产为支撑的。作为一个人,“他”与 他拥有的财产是无法分开的。衣服或房屋如同身体一样是自我 的部分。他越觉得自己什么也不是,便越需要拥有财产。如果 个人没有财产或失掉了它,他的“自我”便少了重要的一部 分,便在某种程度上不被别人或自己看作一个全面的人。
% ▲▲△△△ 声望与权力是支撑自我的其他因素。它们部分地是拥有财 产的结果,部分地是竞争领域获胜的直接结果。 对那些没有财产和社会声望的人来说,家庭便是个人声望 的一个源泉。个人在那里会觉得像个“人物”。妻儿对他俯首 帖耳,他是这个舞台的中心,并天真地视此为自己的天然权 利。他可能在社会关系上什么也不是,但在家中却是王。除家 庭外,民族自豪感(在欧洲|经常表现为阶级自豪感)也赋予 他一种重要之感。即使从个人角度来看他什么也不是,但他仍 觉得自豪,因为他属于一个他觉得优于其他竞争群体的群体。
【【这些支撑着摇摇欲坠的自我的因素】】
%。 。 ……只是有助于弥补不安全感和焦虑感。它 们并未根除不安全感和焦虑感,而是掩盖了它们,因而有助于 使个人在主观意识上觉得安全。但这种感觉部分地只停留在表 面上,并只有在支撑因素存在的情况下才存在。 % 难道有什么不是这样的吗?指最后一句。……
近几十年……个人的无能为力感及孤独感加强了,对他摆脱所有传统束缚获 得“自由”的宣扬越来越高,而他获得个人经济成功的可能 却越来越小。他感觉到巨大的力量的威胁,其情景在许多方面 与15 和16 世纪相似。
工会的当务之急应是成为一个以每个成员的 积极合作为基础的机构,在组织上应使每个成员积极参加该组 织的生活,并对所发生的一切有种责任感。
%▲▲▲ 看到了耽美/同人社群,作为一个正面例子(先不说最终目的,而是运作情况)。 有一点点理解了。
作为“一位”顾客他是重要的;商店并不想 失去他,因为这将意味着有些地方出了错,而且会意味着商店 会因同样的原因失去其他顾客。作为一个抽象的顾客他很重 要,作为一个具体的顾客则无任何重要性可言。 % but why not but maybe I cannot properly answer...I doubt that i do hate myself. or certain, BE, amount of hostility.
整个时期的“风格”是与我所描绘的景象相吻合的。个 人迷失在巨大的城市里,高耸入云的建筑;震耳欲聋的无线电 广播, -日三变的新闻标题使人无法断定什么最重要;百名女 子同时演出,她们的动作像时钟那样精确整齐,像机器那样流 畅自如,而个人却被潭没了;【还有节奏强劲的爵士乐。种种细 节表明人只不过是【广袤空间里的一粒尘埃。他所能做的一切就 是像一个长途跋涉的士兵或流水线上的工人那样随波逐流。他 能活动,但独立感、意义感已不复存在。】
普通美国人也充满了同样的恐惧和微不足道感,其程度可 以从米老鼠电影的风行中体现出来。这类电影只有一个主题, 虽然表现形式变化多端,但总是这样:强壮的巨人迫害威胁小 东西,大有将它杀掉吞噬之势。小东西逃命求生,最后获得成 功甚至伤害了敌人。人们之所以不厌其烦的品味着这一万变不 离其宗的主题,是由于它触动了某些与人的感情生活密切相关 的东西。很明显,受强大恶毒敌人威胁的小东西就是观众自 己。这就是他的所感,这种环境使他自我认同。但当然,为了 不断吸引观众,其结局也总是大团圆。实际上,观众忍受着所 有恐惧与渺小感,最后获得一丝安慰,庆幸虽历经千辛万苦, 自己终于得救,甚至能征服强大的敌人。然而,他得救多在于 自己逃命的本领,在于使强敌无法抓住他的那些无法预料的偶 发事件。这既是“大团圆结局”的意义所在,又是其令人悲 哀之处。 %。
克尔皑戈尔描绘了无助的个人备受怀疑的煎熬与折磨, 被强大的孤独和微不足道感所淹没。尼采使虚无主义初现端 倪,纳粹主义将它发挥得淋漓尽致,他还描绘了一个“超人” 形象以否定他所看到的现实中毫无意义毫无方向目的的个人。 卡夫卡……他在《城堡》中描写了一个想与城堡中的神秘居民取得联系 的人,据说他们能告诉他该做些什么,并能指明他在世界中的 位置,他毕生都在狂热地努力与他们取得联系,但却始终未能 成功,到头来还是一个备感无用而又无助的孤独者。
J. 格林下面的话最精彩地描绘了人的孤立感和无能为力 感:“我知道,与偌大的宇宙相比,我们太微不足道了,我知 道我们什么也不是;在如此浩大的宇宙中似乎没有任何东西在 某种程度上既能淹没人又能使人重新获得信心。那些计算,那 些人无法理解的力量,是完全不可抗拒的。那么,究竟有没有 我们可依赖的东西?我们虽已陷入幻觉的泥潭中,但其中尚有 一样真东西,那便是爱。此外什么都没有,完全是空。我们跌 入了一个巨大的黑暗迷宫,我们怕极了。( I
但一般的常人却根本没有意识到 它。那样太恐怖了。它被掩盖了,掩盖在日复一日的固定活动 中,掩盖在得自于私人或社会关系上的肯定与认可中,掩盖在 事业成功中,掩盖在任何一种分散这方面注意力的方式中,掩 盖在“娱乐”、“社交”、“升迁”中。【但在黑暗中呼喊并不能 带来光明。 ……依然存在;人再也支撑不住了。 人们无法继续承受“摆脱束缚,获得自由”带来的负担,他 们必须全力逃避自由,除非能化被动自由为主动自由。我们这 个时代逃避自由的主要社会途径在法西斯国家里是臣服于一位 领袖,在我们自己的民主政治里则是强制性的千篇一律。在我 们探讨这两种逃避的社会方式之前,我必须请读者与我一起先 讨论一下这些心理逃避机制的复杂性。 从微观上认识它们详尽而具体的功能。 正如只有在社会和文化背景下才能恰当地认识心理问题, 同样,只有了解了心理机制的基本知识,才能认识社会现象。 下一章即欲分析这些机制,揭示个人心理究竟发生了什么,并 试图表明在我们努力逃避孤独与无能为力感时,我们是如何或 通过臣服于新式权威或者通过强迫接受公认的模式,随时准备 除掉个人自我的。 ________
But even admitted that the study of individual behaviour has such significance, one might question whether the study of individuals who are commonly labelled as 【neurotics】 can be of any use in considering the problems of social psychology. Again, we believe that this question must be answered in the affirmative. The phenomena which wre observe in the neurotic person are in principle not different from those we find in the normal. They are only more accentuated, clear-cut, and frequently more MECHANISMS OF ESCAPE 119 accessible to the awareness of the neurotic person than they are in the normal who is not aware of any problem which warrants study.
【In order to make this clearer, a brief discussion of the terms neurotic and normal, or healthy, seems to be useful.】
The term 【normal or healthy】 can be defined in two ways. Firstly, from the standpoint of a functioning society, one can call a person normal or healthy if he is able to fulfil the social role he is to take in that given society. More concretely, this means that he is able to work in the fashion which is required in that particular society, and furthermore that he is able to participate in the reproduction of society, that is, that he can raise a family. Secondly, from the standpoint of the individual, we look upon health or normalcy as the optimum of growth and happiness of the individual.
If the structure of a given society were such that it offered the optimum possibility for individual happiness, both viewpoints would coincide. However, this is not the case in most societies we know including our own. Although they differ in the degree to which they promote the aims of individual growth, there is a discrepancy between the aims of the smooth functioning of society and of the full development of the individual. This fact makes it imperative to differentiate sharply between the two concepts of health. The one is governed by 【social necessities, the other by 【values and norms concerning the aim of individual existence. Unfortunately, this differentiation is often neglected. Most psychiatrists take the structure of their own society so much for granted that to them the person who is 【not well adapted assumes the stigma of being 【less valuable. On the other hand, the 【well-adapted person is supposed to be the more 【valuable person in terms of a scale of human values. If we differentiate the two concepts of normal and neurotic, we come to the following conclusion: 【the person who is normal in terms of being well adapted is often less healthy than the neurotic person in terms of human values.】 【Often he is well adapted only at the expense of having given up his self in order to become more or less the person he believes he is expected to be. All genuine 【individuality and 【spontaneity may have been lost. % these 2 words describes my feeling for xx, esp "spontaneity", so well.
On the other hand, the neurotic person can be characterized as somebody who was not ready to surrender completely in the battle for his self. To be sure, his attempt to save his individual self 【was not successful, and 【【instead of expressing his self productively lu: soughs salvation through neurotic symptoms and by withdrawing into a phantasy life.
Nevertheless, from the standpoint of human values, he is less crippled than the kind of normal person who has lost his individuality altogether. Needless to say there are persons who are not neurotic and yet have not drowned their individuality in the process of adaptation. But the stigma attached to the neurotic person seems to us to be unfounded and justified only if we 【【think of neurotic in terms of social efficiency】. %▲▲△△
a society... being adverse to human happiness and self-realization
The mechanisms we shall discuss in this chapter are mechanisms of escape, which result from the insecurity of the isolated individual.
_____ (一)权威主义 我要讨论的第-种逃避自由的机制是,放弃个人自我的独 立倾向,欲使自我与自身之外的某人或某物合为一体,以便获 得个人自我所缺乏的力量。 __ 精神病症倾向是个人精神病症患者的驱动力,而逃避机制是常人 的驱动力。不仅如此,荷妮强调的主要是焦虑,而我的着眼点在于个人的 孤立。 __
这种机制的更明确的形式在于渴望【臣服】或【主宰】,即我们所 说的受虐一一施虐冲动,它们程度不同地存在于常人及精神病 症患者身上。我们将先描述一下这些倾向,然后再表明它们都 是对无法忍受的孤独的一种逃避。 【受虐冲动最常见的方式表现为深感自卑、无能为力、个人 的微不足道。 对受这些情感困扰的人分析表明,虽然他们主观 意识上抱怨这些情感并想除掉它们,然而潜意识里有些力量驱 使他们感到自卑或觉得微不足道。
We shall first describe these tendencies and then try to show that both of them are an escape from an unbearable aloneness. The most frequent forms in which masochistic strivings appear are feelings of inferiority, powerlessness, individual insignificance. The analysis of persons who are obsessed by these feelings shows that, while they consciously complain about these feelings and want to get rid of them, unconsciously some power within themselves drives them to feel inferior or insignificant. Their feelings are more than realizations of actual shortcomings and weaknesses (although they are usually 【rationalized as though they were); these persons show a tendency 【to belittle themselves, to make themselves weak,and not to master things. Quite regularly these people 【show a marked dependence on powers outside themselves, on other people, or institutions, or nature. They tend 【not to assert themselves, not to do what they want, but to submit to the factual or alleged orders of these outside forces. Often they are quite incapable of experiencing】 the feeling "I want" or "I am". Life, as a whole, is felt by them as something overwhelmingly powerful, which they cannot master or control. In the more extreme cases--and there are many--one finds besides these tendencies to belittle oneself and to submit to outside forces a tendency to hurt oneself and to make oneself suffer. This tendency can assume various forms. We find that there are people who indulge in se If-accusation and self-criticism which even their worst enemies would scarcely bring against them. There are others, such as certain compulsive neurotics, who tend to torture themselves with compulsory rites � and thoughts. In a certain type of neurotic personality we find a tendency lo become physically ill, and to wait, conscious];- or unconsciously, for an illness as if it were a gift of the gods. Often they incur accidents which would not have happened had there not been at work an unconscious tendency to incur them. These tendencies directed against themselves are often revealed in still less overt or dramatic forms. For instance, there are persons who are incapable of answering questions in an examination when the answers are very well known to them at the time of the examination and even afterwards. There are others who say things which antagonize those whom they love or on whom they are dependent, although actually they feel friendly towards them and did not intend to say those things. With such people, it almost seems as if they were following advice given them by an enemy to behave in such a way as to be most detrimental to themselves. The masochistic trends are often felt as plainly pathological or irrational. More frequently they are rationalized. Masochistic dependency is conceived as love or loyalty, inferiority feelings as an adequate expression of actual shortcomings, and one's suffering as being entirely due to unchangeable circumstances.
……with material things, with praise, assurances of love, the display of wit and brilliance, or by showing concern. He may give them everything--everything except one thing: the right to be free and independent. This constellation is often to be found particularly in the relationship of parents and children. There, the attitude of domination--and ownership--is often covered by what seems to be the "natural" concern or feeling of protective-ness for a child. The child is put into a golden cage, it can have everything provided it does not want to leave the cage. The result of this is often a profound fear of love on the part of the child when he grows up, as "love" to him implies being caught and blocked in his own quest for freedom.
———— Although Freud has for many years paid little attention to the phenomenon of nonsexual aggression, Alfred Adler has put the tendencies we are discussing here in the centre of his system. But he deals with them not as sado-masochism, but as 【"inferiority feelings" and the 【"wish for power". Adler sees only the rational side of these phenomena. While we are speaking of an irrational tendency to belittle oneself and make oneself small, he thinks of inferiority feelings as adequate reaction to actual inferiorities, such as organic inferiorities or the general helplessness of a child. And while we think of the wish for power as an expression of an irrational impulse to rule over others, Adler looks at it entirely from the rational side and speaks of the wish for power as an adequate reaction which has the function of protecting a person against the dangers springing from his insecurity and inferiority. Adler, here, as always, cannot see beyond purposeful and rational determinations of human behaviour; and though he has contributed valuable insights into the intricacies of motivation, he remains always on the surface and never descends into the abyss of irrational impulses as Freud has done. % 什么是ration?还没有看到阿德勒的问题。
Both the masochistic and sadistic strivings tend to help the individual to escape his unbearable feeling of aloneness and powerlessness.
……that they are filled with a terror of aloneness and insignificance. Frequently this feeling is not conscious; often it is 【covered by compensatory feelings of eminence and perfection. However, if one only penetrates deeply enough into the unconscious dynamics of such a person, one finds these feelings without fail. The individual finds himself "free" in the negative sense, that is, alone with his self and confronting an alienated, hostile world. ……he has "no more pressing need than the one to find somebody to whom he can surrender, as quickly as possible, that gift of freedom which he, the unfortunate creature, was born with". % ……我。……是不是这样?我的选择是因为什么? 虽然阿德勒说不要研究过去对现在的影响了。这是一个灌顶啊。 我说因为当下的选择而研究过去我的选择和它们的原因的,2,是为了人生当选我,需要更多去理解过去的我。
The frightened individual seeks for somebody or something to tie his self to; he cannot bear to be his own individual self any longer, and he tries frantically to get rid of it and to feel security again by the elimination of this burden: the self.
【{Incidentally, the conviction of superior strength of another person is always to be understood in relative terms. It can be based either upon the actual strength of the other person, or upon a conviction of one's own utter insignificance and powerlessness. In the latter event a mouse or a leaf can assume threatening features.)
In other forms of masochistic strivings the essential aim is the same. In the masochistic feeling of smallness we find a tendency which serves to increase the original feeling of insignificance.
……understood? Can we assume…… making a 【fear worse one is trying to 【remedy it? Yes. As long as I struggle between my desire to be independent and strong and my feeling of insignificance or powerlessness I am caught in a tormenting conflict. If I succeed in reducing my individual self to nothing, if I can overcome the awareness of my separateness as an individual, I may save myself from this conflict. %that's how I read my novels, those days.
【【To feel utterly small and helpless is one way towards this aim; to be overwhelmed by pain and agony another;】 【to be overcome by the effects of intoxication still another. The phantasy of suicide is the last hope if all other means have not succeeded in bringing relief from the burden of aloneness. %。
——— Under certain conditions these masochistic strivings are relatively successful. If the individual finds 【cultural patterns that satisfy these masochistic strivings (like the submission under the "leader" in Fascist ideology), he gains some security by finding himself united with millions of others who 【share these feelings.
Yet even in these cases, the masochistic "solution" is no more of a solution than neurotic manifestations ever are: the individual 【succeeds in eliminating the conspicuous suffering but not in removing the underlying conflict and the silent unhappiness. When the masochistic striving does not find a cultural pattern or when it quantitatively exceeds the average amount of masochism % When the masochistic striving does not find a cultural pattern or when it quantitatively exceeds the average amount of masochism 132 THE FEAR OF FREEDOM in the individual's social group, the masochistic solution does not even solve anything in relative terms. It springs from an unbearable situation, tends to overcome it, and leaves the individual caught in new suffering.
……the study of emotional and mental disturbances has taught us: that human behaviour can be motivated by strivings which are caused by anxiety or some other unbearable state of mind, that these strivings tend to overcome this emotional state and yet merely cover up its most visible manifestations, or not even these. Neurotic manifestations resemble the irrational behaviour in a panic. ...He shouts because he wants to be saved, and for the moment this behaviour appears to be a step on the way to being saved--and yet it will end in complete catastrophe. ...but they only succeed in removing the most noticeable pain or they even lead to greater suffering The irrationality of masochism, as of all other neurotic manifestations, consists in the ultimate futility... of the means adopted to solve an untenable emotional situation.
These considerations refer to an important difference between neurotic and rational activity. In the latter the result corresponds to the motivation of an activity--one acts in order to attain a certain result. In neurotic strivings one acts from a compulsion which has essentially a negative character: to escape an unbearable situation. The strivings tend in a direction which only fictitiously is a solution. % (really?..Adler, I feel like, he do not think so. but.
pain and suffering are the price he pays He has to pay more and more...never getting what he has paid for. %(?
as in moral masochism suffering is not the real aim; in both cases it is the means to an aim: forgetting one's self.
倒错与受虐性格特质之间的主要区别在于:在倒错中,除 掉自我的倾向以身体为媒介表现出来,并与性情感相联;而在 精神受虐中,受虐倾向攫取了整个人,并有摧毁自我主观意识 上欲达到的所有目的之势,倒错中的受虐冲动多少被限定在肉 体范围内,不仅如此,由于与性相泪合,它们参与缓解性紧张 方面的活动,因而能直接得到缓解。
———— 消灭自我,并进而试图克服无法忍受的无能为力感,这只 是受虐冲动的-个方面。它的另一面是企图成为自己之外的一 个更大更强的整体的一部分,融人它并分享它。这个权力可以 是【人、机构组织、上帝、【国家、【良心或【心理强制。 This power can be a person, an institution, God, the nation, conscience, or a psychic compulsion. By becoming part of a power which is felt as unshakably strong, eternal, and glamorous, one participates in its strength and glory. %心理强制?
。由于成为一 个权力的一部分,他便有种无法动摇的强大、永恒及兴奋感, 他分享了它的力量与荣耀。他交出了自我并放弃了所有与之相 联的力量与自豪,他不再是个完整的个人,他献出了自由;但 在他与之相融合的权力中,他获得了新的安全与自豪。他也获 得了避免怀疑折磨的安全屏障。受虐者,无论其主人是自己之 外的权威,还是内在化的良心或心理强制,在做决定,在为自 己的命运承担最终责任,也在怀疑要做任何决策方面得到了拯 救。他再也用不着怀疑自己生命的意义或“他”是谁,他得 救了。这些问题由他与他所依附的权力的关系来回答。 ……meaning of his life and the identity of his self are determined by ilu...
。我建议把深含于施虐和受虐基础内部的目 的称为共生( symbiosis )。在这种心理学意义上,共生指一个 个人自我与另-个自我合为一体(或自身之外的任何一个其 他权力),双方都失去自我的完整性,完全相互依靠。施虐者 像受虐者一样需要他的对象。
人并非受虐狂或施虐狂,但却常摇摆于共生情结的积极与消极面之间
施虐一受虐狂常常被与爱混为一谈,这种现象并不仅仅限 于普通用法中。受虐现象尤其被视为表达爱的一种方式。为了 另一个人完全否定自我,并把自己的权利与主张完全交给他, 这被视为“伟大的爱”的典型,为人所颂扬。似乎除牺牲和 为所爱的人欣然放弃自我外再没有能证明“爱”的更好证据 了。实际上,在这些情况下,“爱”基本是一种受虐渴望,其 根源在于对介入之人的共生需求。如果我们所说的爱是指热烈 地肯定某个人的本质,积极主动地与之建立关系,如果爱是两 个人在各自独立与完整基础上的结合,那么受虐狂与爱就是截 然相反的。爱是以平等与自由为基础的。如果以其中一方的臣 服与完整性的丧失为基础,不管其关系多么理性化,就都是受 虐依赖。施虐狂也常常以爱为伪装。如果某人声称是为了另一 个人自己的目的才去统治他的话,统治另一个人似乎常是爱的 表示,但其根本原因在于享受统治的快乐。
在纯物质意义 上对人民行使权力是优势力量的体现之一。如果我对另一个人 有生杀予夺的大权,我就比他“强大”得多。但从心理学角 度来看,渴求权力并不植根于力量而是软弱。它是个人自我无 法独自一人生活下去的体现,是缺乏真正的力量时欲得到额外 力量的垂死挣扎。
“权力”一词有两层含义。一是有权力统治某人,有统治 他的能力;二是有权力做某事,指能够做,有能力。后一种含 义与统治无关,它指的是能力意义上的胜任与主宰。我们所说 的无能为力就是这个意思,我们说一个人无能为力并非指他不 能够统治他人,而是指他不能够做自己想做的事。故权力可能 指统治与有能( potency )之中的-个。
neurotic 译作"精神病症患者" 权威 - authority Since the term "sadomasochistic" is associated with ideas of perversion and neurosis, I prefer to speak of the sadomasochistic character, especially when not the neurotic but the normal person is meant, as the "authoritarian character". This terminology is justifiable because the sado-masochistic person is always characterized by his attitude towards authority.
Authority is not a quality one person "has", in the sense that he has property or physical qualities. Authority refers to an interpersonal relation in which one person looks upon another as somebody superior to him. But there is a fundamental difference between a kind of superiorityinferiority relation which can be called rational authority and one which may be described as 【inhibiting authority.
—————— 权威并非必然是人或组织机构,也不-定总得说:你必须 做这,或你不许做那。这种权威可以称之为外在权威,它也可 能是内在权威,以职责、良心或超我[duty, conscience, or super-ego.] 等名目为伪装。实际上, 现代思想从新教发展到康德哲学,其特征就是内在权威取代外 在权威。随着新兴中产阶级在政治上获得胜利,外在权威失去 了光彩,人自己的良心取而代之。在许多人眼里,这种变化就 是自由的胜利。臣服于外在的(至少在精神事务方面)命令 似乎不配做一个自由人;而人的理性、意志或良心征服人的自 然倾向,建立起其对个人自然部分的统治,似乎成了自由的本 质。分析表明,良心像外在权威一样实行严厉统治,而且人的 良心所发布命令的内容常常完全并非受治于个人自我的需求, 而是受治于以伦理道德方式出现的社会需求。良心的统治甚至 比外在权威更残酷,因为个人觉得命令是自己的,他怎能反抗 自己?
近几十年来,“良心”的重要性大减。似乎外在权威和内 在权威在个人的生活中都不再扮演重要角色。人人都彻底 “自由”了,只要不干涉他人的合法要求。但是,我们发现, 权威并未消失,而是使自己隐而不现。“匿名”权威取代了公 开权威,实行统治。它装扮成常识、科学、心理健康、道德与 舆论。它不言自明,根本用不着发号施令,它仅仅靠温和的劝 说,根本不用施加任何压力。 Instead of overt authority, "anonymous" authority reigns. It is disguised as [common sense, science, psychic health, normality, public opinion]. It does not demand anything except the self-evident. It seems to use no pressure but only mild persuasion.
无论是母亲对女儿说“我知道 你不喜欢跟那个男孩出去”,还是像广告所说的“抽这个牌子 的香烟一一-你会喜欢它的清凉”,都是如此。这些狡猾的建议 营造出的气氛实际上同样充斥于我们的整个社会生活。匿名权 威比公开权威更有效,因为人从未怀疑还有别人期望自己服从 的任何命令。很明显,在外在权威中,有命令和发布命令的 人,人可以与权威作斗争,个人的独立与精神勇气在斗争中也 能得到发展。在内在化了的权威中,命令虽然是内在的,但仍 看得见,而在匿名权威中,命令和命令者全都踪影全元,就像 受到了看不见的敌人的攻击,任何人都无还手之力。
Returning now to the discussion of the authoritarian character, the most important feature to be mentioned is its attitude towards power. 现在在回过头来讨论权威主义性格。它最重要的特征就是 对权力的态度,对权威主义性格来说,有两性存在一一有权力 的一方与无权力的一方。无论对人还是对机构组织的爱、羡慕 与欣然臣服都是由权力自动激起的,权力使他着迷并非因为某 一权力蕴含有某些价值,而恰恰在于它是权力。正如他的 “爱”由权力自动激起,同样,无权力的人或机构组织自动激 起他的鄙视。一看到元权力的人,他就想攻击、统治、羞辱 之。正如有一种性格的人一听到攻击无助者就惊恐万分一样, 权威主义性格者的对象越元助,他就越觉得高兴。
For the authoritarian character there exist, so to speak, two sexes: the powerful ones and the powerless ones. His love, admiration and readiness for submission are automatically aroused by power, whether of a person or of an institution. Power fascinates him not for any values for which a specific power may stand, but just because it is power. Just as his "love" is automatically aroused by power, so powerless people or institutions automatically arouse his contempt. The very sight of a powerless person makes him want to attack, dominate, humiliate him. Whereas a different kind of character is appalled by the idea MECHANISMS OF ESCAPE 145 of attacking one who is helpless, the authoritarian character feels the more aroused the more helpless his object has become. %(?
【There is one feature of the authoritarian character which has misled many observers: a tendency to defy authority and to resent any kind of influence from "above". Sometimes this defiance overshadows the whole picture and the submissive tendencies are in the background.】 This type of person will constantly rebel against any kind of authority, even one that actually furthers his interests and has no elements of suppression. Sometimes the attitude towards authority is divided. Such persons might 【fight against one set of authorities, especially if they are disappointed by its lack of power】, and at the same time or later on 【submit to another set of authorities which through greater power or greater promises seems to fulfil their 【masochistic longings】.
Finally, there is a type in which the rebellious tendencies are completely repressed and come to the surface only when conscious control is weakened; or they can be recognized ex posteriori, in the hatred that arises against an authority when its power is weakened and when it begins to totter.
In persons of the first type in whom the rebellious attitude is in the centre of the picture, one is easily led to believe that their character structure is just the opposite to that of the submissive masochistic type. It appears as if they are persons who oppose every authority on the basis of an 【extreme degree of independence. % is that talking about you, punk/nilists? (匿名问题 ( i feel question (and Adler probably do not agree on this paragraph...? on how you assume
They look like persons who, on the basis of their inner strength and integrity, fight those forces that block their freedom and independence. However, the authoritarian character's fight against authority is essentially defiance. It is an attempt to assert himself and to overcome his own feeling of powerlessness by fighting authority, although the longing for submission remains present, whether consciously or unconsciously. The authoritarian character is never a "revolutionary"; I should like to call him a "rebel". There are many individuals and pohtical movements that are puzzling to the superficial observer because of what seems to be an inexplicable change from "radicalism" to extreme authoritarianism. Psychologically, those people are the typical "rebels". % but the fact stated, about these ppl, is understandable and aggreable.
权威主义性格对生活的态度,他的全部哲学,都受制于他 的情感冲动。权威主义性格爱那些限制人类自由的条件,爱被 迫臣服于命运. Crisis and prosperity to him are not social phenomena which might be changed by human activity, but the expression of a higher power to which one has to submit. For those on the top of the pyramid it is basically not different. The difference lies only in the size and generality of the power to which one submits, not in the feeling of dependence as such.
Fate may be rationalized philosophically as "natural law" or as "destiny of man", religiously as the "will of the Lord", ethically as "duty"-- for the authoritarian character it is always a higher power outside the individual, towards which the individual can do nothing but submit.
The authoritarian character worships the past. What has been, will eternally be. %(?
【【(The authoritarian character...:) To wish or to work for something that has not yet been before is crime or madness.】】 The miracle of creation--and creation is always a miracle--is outside his range of emotional experience.
———— authoritarian thinking ...the conviction that life is determined by forces outside man's own self, his interest, his wishes. The only possible happiness lies in the submission to these forces. The powerlessness of man is the leitmotiv of masochistic philosophy. 纳粹意识形态之父之一的缪勒·范·德·布鲁克非常清晰地表达了这种感情。他写到: “保守派宁愿相信灾难,相信人无力避免 它,相信灾难必然发生,相信被诱骗的乐观派必然失望。
The authoritarian character does not lack activity, courage, or belief. But these qualities for him mean something entirely different from what they mean for the person who does not long for submission. For the authoritarian character activity is rooted in a basic feeling of powerlessness which it tends to overcome. 【Activity in this sense means to act in the name of something higher than one's own self. It is possible in the name of 【God, the past, nature, or duty】, but never in the name of 【the future, of the unborn, of what has no power, or of life as such】. %▲▲△△△
权威主义性格并不缺乏行动、勇气或信念。但与那些并不 渴望臣服的人相比,这些特性的意义完全不同。对权威主义性 格而言,行动是由于他根本上的无能为力感,是想借此克服 它。这个意义上的行动是指以比自我更高大的某种东西的名义 去行动。它可能以上帝、过去、自然或责任义务的名义,但永 远不会以未来、未出现的事物、无权力的东西或生命之类东西 的名义行动。权威主义性格靠依赖超强的权力获取行动的力 量。这个权力永不会消失或改变。对他来说,缺乏权力便明确 元误地标志着罪与卑劣,如果他坚信的权力露出软弱的征兆, 他的爱与尊敬就变成了轻蔑与仇恨。他缺乏一种“攻击能 力”,这种能力使他用不着先滔媚于另外一个更强大的权力, 便能攻击即定的权力。 权威主义性格的勇气基本上是一种忍受命运或其人物化的 代表或“领袖”为他定下的命运的勇气。无怨无悔地忍受苦 难是他的最高美德,他没有结束苦难或至少减轻痛苦的勇气, 不是去改变命运,而是臣服它,这便是权威主义性格的英雄 主义。 只要权威还强大,还能发号施令,他就相信它。
———— Rauschning has given a good description of the nihilistic character of Fascism in Germany's Revolution of Destruction, Hcinemann, London, 1939. ———— In his sado-masochistic strivings, he experiences only domination or submission, but never solidarity. 【【Differences, whether of sex or race, to him are necessarily signs of superiority or inferiority. A difference which does not have this connotation is unthinkable to him. %。
———————— 虽然这些施虐一受虐冲动是司空见惯的,但我们只能认为 某些个人与社会群体是典型的施虐一受虐狂。然而,我们的文 化中几乎鲜有例外地还普遍存在着一种比较适度的依赖方式。 这种依赖并不像施虐一受虐狂特性那样危险和强烈,但它还是 很重要的,我们这里的讨论不应漏掉它。 【我指的是那些终生与自身之外的某种权力保持微妙关系的 人。(参见K 荷妮《心理分析新法》。) 他们的所做、所感、所想无不与这个权力有某种联系。 他们期望“他”的保护,希望受到“他”的照顾,让“他” 对他们自己行为的全部后果负责。 %. 这种依赖常常是人根本未意 识到的某种事实存在,即使朦胧地觉得有某种依赖,依赖权力 的人或他所依赖的权力也常是模糊不清的。并没有明确的形象 与那个权力相连。它的根本性质就是体现某个功能,即,保 护、帮助,使个人得到发展,与他在一起,永不抛弃他。具有 这些性质的“ X”可称之为神秘的帮助者,当然,他常被拟人 化了:被视为上帝、规律或真实人物,诸如自己的父母、丈 夫、妻子或上司。[God, as a principle, or as real persons] 当真实的人物装扮成神秘的帮助者这一角色 时,他们便具有了神秘的特性,也具有了他们被人格化为神秘 %。 的帮助者所带来的意义,认清这一点很重要。神秘的帮助者被 人格化的过程常常可以在所谓的“坠入爱河”现象中看得到。 与神秘的帮助者有那种关系的人试图在血肉之躯中找到他。由 于某种原因一一常常是由于性欲的辅助,某个其他人成了他要 寻找的具有那些神秘特性的人,他便把那个人视为对象,把自 己的整个生命与他联系在一起,并终生依赖他。其他人虽也常 常像第一个人那样做同样的事,但这个事实并不能改变什么, 它只能进一步加深他的印象,让他认为这个关系才是“真正 的爱”。 This need for the magic helper can be studied under experiment-like conditions in the psychoanalytic procedure. Often the person who is analysed forms a deep auachmeni to die psychoanalyst and his or her whole life, all actions, thoughts, and feeling are related to the analyst. Consciously or unconsciously the analysand asks himself: would he (the analyst) be pleased with this, displeased with that, agree to this, scold me for that? In love relationships the fact that one chooses this or that person as a partner serves as a proof that this particular person is loved just because he is "he"; but in the psychoanalytic situation this illusion cannot be upheld. The most different kinds of persons develop the same feelings towards the most different kinds of psychoanalysts. The relationship looks like love; it is often accompanied by sexual desires; yet it is essentially a relationship to the personified magic helper, a r�le which obviously a psychoanalyst,like certain other persons who have some authority (【physicians, ministers, teachers】), is able to play satisfactorily for the person who is seeking the personified magic helper.
The reasons why a person is bound to a magic helper are, in principle, the same that we have found at the root of the symbiotic drives: an inability to stand alone and to fully express bis own individual potentialities. In the milder form of dependency I am discussing now it only leads to a wish for guidance and protection. 【The intensity of the relatedness to the magic helper is in reverse proportion to the ability to express spontaneously one's own intellectual, emotional, and sensuous potentialities. In other words, one hopes to get 【everything】 one expects from life, 【from the magic helper, instead of by one's own actions】. The more this is the case, the more is the centre of life shifted from one's own person to the magic helper and his personifications. The question then is...
In the more extreme cases, a person's whole life consists almost entirely in the attempt to manipulate "him"; people differ in the means which they use: for some, obedience; for some, "goodness", for others suffering is the main means of manipulation. We see, then, that 【there is no feeling, thought, or emotion that is not at least coloured by the need to manipulate "him"; [[...that no psychic act is really spontaneous or free.]]
This dependency, springing from and at the same time leading to a blockage of spontaneity, not only gives a certain amount of security but also results in a feeling of weakness and bondage. As far as this is the case, the very person who is dependent on the magic helper also feels, although often unconsciously, enslaved by "him" and, to a greater or lesser degree, rebels against "him". This rebelliousness against the very person on whom one has put one's hopes for security and happiness, [creates new conflicts].
If the magic helper is personified in an actual person, the disappointment that follows when he falls short of what one is expecting from this person--and since the expectation is an illusory one, any actual person is inevitably disappointing--in addition to the resentment resulting from one's own enslavement to that person, leads to continuous conflicts. These sometimes end only with separation, which is usually followed by the choice of another object who is expected to fulfil all hopes connected with the magic helper. If this relationship proves to be a failure too, it may be broken up again or the person involved may decide that this is just "life", and resign. What he does not recognize is the fact that his failure is not essentially the result of his not having chosen the right magic person; it is the direct result of having tried to obtain by the manipulation of a magic force 【that which only the individual can achieve himself by his own spontaneous activity.
The phenomenon of life-long dependency on an object outside of oneself has been seen by Freud. He has interpreted it as the continuation of the early, essentially sexual, bonds with the parents throughout life. As a matter of fact, the phenomenon has impressed him so much that he has asserted that the �dipus complex is the nucleus of all neuroses, and in the successful overcoming of the �dipus complex he has seen the main problem of normal development.
As long as the infant is small it is quite naturally dependent on the parents, but this dependence does not necessarily imply a restriction of the child's own spontaneity. However, when the parents, [acting as the agents of society], start to suppress the child's spontaneity and independence, the growing child feels more and more unable to stand on its own feet; % 这句话不是很讲得通……可以说讲不通,虽然也不是不能解释,但是还是没有/需要更多逻辑。 ?
it therefore seeks for the magic helper and often makes the parents the personification of "him". Later on, the individual transfers these feelings to somebody else, for instance, to a teacher, a husband, or a psychoanalyst. Again, the 【need for being related to such a symbol of authority is not caused by the continuation of the original sexual attraction to one of the parents but 【by the thwarting of the child's expansiveness and spontaneity and by the consequent anxiety. %(? 。 —————————————————— (二)破坏欲 破坏欲之所以不同,是由于其目 的不在主动或被动的共生,而在于消灭其对象。但它的根源也 在于难以忍受个人的无能为力与孤立。 毁坏世界几乎是挽救自己不被击碎的最后绝望-招。 施虐狂的目的是吞并其对象,破坏欲则欲除掉它;施虐狂欲借 统治他人增大尘埃似的个人的力量,破坏欲则要消灭所有的外 在威胁。Sadism aims at incorporation of the object; destructiveness at its removal. Sadism tends to strengthen the atomized individual by the domination over others; destructiveness by the absence of any threat from the outside.
实际上,人们为了使破坏欲合理化,几乎用尽了所有于 段,爱、责任、义务、良心、爱国主义过去是现在也是毁坏他 人或自己的伪装。 there is virtually nothing that is not used as a rationalization for destructiveness. Love, duty, conscience, patriotism have been and are being used as disguises to destroy others or oneself 但是,我们必须区分两种不同的破坏欲。一 种是由特殊的形势引发的,是在自己或他人的生命和完整受到 侵犯,或者自己赞同的观点受到攻击时的反击。这种破坏性是 自然的,是人肯定生命的必然附属物。 但是,这里所讨论的破坏欲并非这种合理的敌视,也可以 称之为“反击性”敌视,而是一种时时盘桓在人心中的一种 破坏欲,也就是说是一种伺机而发的破坏欲。
———————————— 我们已假设,破坏欲是逃避难以忍受的无能为力感的方式 之一,因为其日的在于除掉所有与之相比使个人显得弱小的对 象。但从破坏倾向在人类行为中的巨大作用来看,这个解释似 乎并不完满。孤立与无能为力状态使人焦虑,使生命遭受挫 折,而焦虑和挫折又成为破坏欲的另外两个根源。关于焦虑的 作用无需多说。重要利益(物质和情感上的)受到任何威胁, 都会产生焦虑,〔l 〕而破坏倾向是最司空见惯的反应形式。某 些特定人的威胁可能仅限于某种特定的形势,这时破坏欲就会 针对他们发作。也可能因为时时感到外面世界的威胁,虽然并 不一定必然意识到,所以焦虑时时存在。这种恒常的焦虑是由 于个人的孤立与无权造成的,它是潜藏于人内部的破坏欲的另 一根源。
同样形势的另一个重要后果便是我刚才所说的生命受挫。 孤立无权的个人受到阻碍,无法实现其感觉、情感和思想潜 能。他【缺少内在的安全与自发性,而这是实现潜能的条件】。有 关欢乐和幸福的文化禁忌加剧了这种阻碍,这些禁忌充斥于宗 教中,自宗教改革起就更成了中产阶级的道德规范了。如今, 外在的禁忌基本消失了,尽管人们在主观意识上赞同感官欢 乐,但内在的禁忌仍很强大。
这个问题很棘手,需要详尽的研究,这里无法展开。不 过,我想指明答案的方向所在。破坏欲的强弱似乎与个人生命 的膨胀受阻程度的大小成比例。我们这么说并非指个人在或这 或那本能上的挫折,而是指整个生命的受阻,指生长发展的自 发性和人的感觉、情感及思想潜能表达方面的受阻。生命有它 自己的内在动力,它要生长,要得到表达,要生存下去。似乎 一旦这种倾向受到阻碍,生命的能量就会分解,就会转化为破 坏能。换句话说:生命欲与破坏欲并非各自独立的,相反,二 者是相互依存的、相互转化的。生命欲受阻越严重,破坏欲就 越强烈;生命越得到实现,破坏欲就越小。【破坏欲是生命未能 得到实现的后果。那些使人的生命受到压抑的个人和社会条件 滋生了破坏冲动,而这些破坏冲动又是人对自己或他人怀有特 殊敌视的根源。