听书笔记 - BBC 英国历史

真真假假真真假假哼：

基督教势力正虚而入，借着罗马帝国的衰落，扩大自己的势力范围。事实上，基督教的there is only one God的理念与罗马帝国的政治诉求是完美矛盾的。罗马帝国以前扩张时的宗教政策是把当地文化中的神接纳进入他们的体系，并把推选出来的当地统治者也封为神。所以，是可以有很多个神与只能有一个神之间的矛盾。

（然后，基督教在？世纪之前，也不是there is only one god，而是有多个神。）

古罗马的娱乐（斗士和动物）传统与基督教主张也是矛盾的。但这个娱乐项目是维持北非区域统治的一个手法。贵族和有钱人在此娱乐项目上的花费转移支付了北非地区的需要。所以，拿走这个娱乐是拿走了必要的财政收入。

英国的那些罗马贵族，乘着mother Rome崩溃的时候，该给老妈的税收也都不给了，享受着“大人不在家小屁孩就登天”的舒适。面对西面和北面的敌意，引进了Anglo-Saxon来帮忙（这换在今天就是勾结外势力应对内矛盾）。为什么他们请的偏偏是隔那么远的Anglo-Saxon？谁搭的线？

4到10世纪之间的历史是说不清楚的。因为，关于这段历史的记录只有三个出处。而这三个出处都是基督教的势力扶持的人，并且这之后英国也是在基督教的控制下张扬的。

三个出处分别是Gildas (6th century)，Bede (8th century)，然后就是官方编制的Anglo-Saxon Chronicle。

基督教与Anglo-Saxon是融合了，所以在Anglo-Saxon与英国本地融合时，罗马风格的建筑竟然是一起得到了复兴，而不是消除，这反常。正常情况下，后来的统治者都会消除之前统治者的风格。

Beginning

1

• Tacitus / Roman
• silver and pearls
• Roman historians thought Britannia might well be off the edge of the world.

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• the remains of Stone Age life / Orkney / circles of standing stones
• a village called Skara Brae / 5000 years / Europe's most complete Neolithic community / uncovered in 1850 / between pasture and the sea
• abundant seafood like red bream and mussels and oysters + cattle (meat and milk)
• the houses had culture/style
• had drains under the houses
• fine bone and ivory necklaces and carved stone objects and grand interior statement
• also grean circles of stone for worshipping / monuments
• the mausoleum at Maes Howe
• high-vaulted masonry chambers for the dead
• the life at Skara Brae must have continued in much the same way for centuries until around 2500 BC.
• the weather changed: fields abandoned and farmers and fishers migrated.

7 + 8 + 9 + 10

• the Stonehenge
• by 1000 BC, fighting for more land / forests were cleared / a crowded island
• windowless towers were built / protections from each others were needed between farmers
• castles all over the island
• the Iron Age
• spectacular metalwork with which the elite decorated their bodies
• ornamental shields like the Battersea Shield
• trade came
• Mediterranean goods: wine and oil
• the Romans dinner time discussions about the people on this island
• the brutality of the Druids / the stories told by the Northerns savages themselves
• why did the Romans go to the edge of the world?
• the lure of treasures + the prestige
• in 55 BC, Julius Caesar launched his galleys across the Channel

Julius Caesar是在刚拿下了绿色板块后（Gauls），就向英国推进了。这个地区的人和英国岛上的人之间有不少亲戚关系，所以英国岛一直给援助。

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• Julius Caesar's plans were sabotaged by the weather / twice!
• Claudius, a century later, was determinded to take this land / 43 AD
• 40K troops!!!
• Claudius succeeded.
• Strategy: carrots and sticks
• the carrots: chieftains were given a trip to Rome to see their better life there
• Tiberius Claudius, a chief, took the carrots.
• Queen Boudicca (of the East Anglian tribe of the Iceni)
• she came from a family of happy collaborators / was a warm supporter
• a stupid policy declared the East Anglia a slave province.
• in 60 AD, Boudicca rose up in furious revolt.
• Colchester / lightly defended
• the great temple of Claudius
• thousands died. Boudicca had her revenge.
• Her great insurrection ended in a gory chaotic slaughter.
• She took her own life.
• in 79 AD / Mons Graupius / another slaughter

从43 AD到47AD，在Claudius的带领下拿下这么一些。Celts的抵抗真的还是可以的。

一左一右一北这三个贵族，都吃了罗马的carrots。东边绿色那块就是Boudicca's dad的地盘。在她爸去世后，罗马的统治官“合法”取得了西边一半。但是这个统治官决定把剩下的一起吃掉，于是有了Boudicca遭遇的满门抄斩。

这个罗马占得最多的时候。

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• the idea of free Caledonia
• Hadrian's Wall / fanastically ambitious
• "Brittunculi" -- nasty wretched little Brits
• the garrisons and barracks/forts became a place where customs scam was imposed
• a Romano-British culture started to appear / in the middle of 200 AD

在罗马占领的地区里，有四个不同级别的行政区。不同级别行政区内生活的人的社会等级也自然很不同。

与此同时，80-90%的当地人口是乡村里的贫苦农民。他们的生活并没有因为罗马统治的到来有太大变化。有的其实是一点点提升：现在有了比以前更繁华一点的市集where他们可以去卖东西。

122 - 128 AD，在Hadrian的指令下，修建了这个“长城”。这个人在任命期内做了很多推动城市化的工作。

Hadrian's Wall

今天苏格兰和英格兰的分界

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• Bath: the quintessential Romano-British place
• the spa: bathing, flirting, and deal making
• in Dover, 20 feet below street level
• by the 4th century / Britannia
• Portchester, a Roman shore fort, a truly colossal structure
• in 410 AD, Alaric the Goth sacked Rome
• The legions departed!
• Mother Rome is half-infested with barbarians.
• The less confident buried their treasure and head for the hills.
• Force is needed to stop the barbarians in the north and west from exploiting the yawning vaccum of power left by the exit of the legions.

内战没有断过，罗马帝国一会儿分成4块、一会儿分成2块。来来回回。

罗马帝国正式地分为了两个大区。395 AD

当时东罗马比西罗马有钱。为什么？

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• the warriors from north Germany and Denmark
• Vortigern / negelected the payment / the Saxons took land
• for a long time, the Saxons were a tiny population (hundreds of them instead of thousands)
• The fabirc of Roman life increasingly threadbare.
• the island were divided into 3 utterly different realms:

1. the remains of Britannia hung on the west
2. north of the abandonded walls and forts, the Scottish tribes (pagan)
3. England, the realm of the Anglo-Saxons and Jutes (from Kent to Northumbria)

• old Roman British towns, like London
• wanted to be known as "dux", a Roman duke

Jutes (orange) + Anglos (blue) + Saxons (green)

450 AD / Kent

所以他到底存在过没有，是个谜。

Anglo-Saxons的统治者这时候（by around 600 AD）可大致分为7个王国。

the Heptarchy period

这时候，当地人（non-Germanic）和这群Germanic之间的最大不同是宗教。

一个god！

很多个gods！

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• the conversions between the 6th and 8th centuries / another crucial turning point in the history of the British Isles
• Hibernia (Ireland)
• St Patrick, a Roman-British aristocrat
• He was kidnapped and sold into slavery by Irish raiders. / in the early 5th century
• He escaped, and returned to the Ireland / the messenger fo the gospel
• the needs of the local royal clans
• Venerable Bede @ Jarrow
• the founding father of English history
• also the first consummate storyteller in all of English literature
• also a brilliant propagandist for the early church
• for Bede and St Wilfred
• St Wilfred, the aristocratic Bishop of York
• Bede died in 735
• in 793, Vikings
• destroyed the church at Lindisfarne

这位Augustine是597 AD去执行任务的。任务成功后 (by 601 AD, many were converted.) 没多久就死了。但有人死得比他还快，就是皇后Bertha。

Canterbury is the capital of Kent.

关键之处：他们是这整个地区的overlord。所以他们的conversion有很大的影响面。

Northumbrian Golden Age

这些钱应该就是基督教权力中心（罗马教廷）给的吧。就奇了怪了，这个教廷的钱是哪里来的？或者说，这笔开销花出去之后，是如何回收收益的？收益是否比开销大？为什么被当地的权贵接受？

这些基督教monasteries不仅仅很富有，而且还座落在偏远的地方。这也是挺奇怪的。

如此的偏远，所以这些教堂被Vikings盯上了都。比如这次袭击。

这段时间，权力都在偏北的这帮人手里。这里也挺奇怪的。因为最初是东南角那个Kent的国王跟罗马合伙的。他死了之后，为什么权力一下子就到了北边？？？？

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• Vikings were keen on: land and slaves
• Vikings smashed the power of most of the Saxon kingdoms
• Alfred, a local Charlemagne
• was sent to Rome by his dad to see Pope Leo 4 when he was a small boy
• to ask the Pope's help in the struggle against the Vikings
• Alfred was turned into a Roman Christian warrior
• who translated the works of Roman wisdom for Anglo-Saxon consumption???????
• Alfred brought a vision: the western bastion of a Christian Roman world
• by the spring of 878, defeated Guthrum's Vikings
• in 886, Alfred entered London
• rebuilt over the old Roman site
• the idea of a united English kingdom

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• Alfred's special ability to see clearly England's place in the scheme of things
• Alfred made possible a true Anglo-Saxon renaissance in the 10th century
• stunning workds of Christian art and architecture
• the 1st King of England (Alfred's grandson)
• a great Roman style coronation @ Bath

Conquest

1 + 2

• Edward the Confessor / the Saxon king / no heir
• Duke William of Normandy
• the next most powerfulman in England: Harold Godwineson
• Harold seized the crown.
• in April, 1066 / a comet (an evil omen)

3 + 4 + 5 + 6

• the battlefield of Hastings
• in 1066, mostly it was replacing Saxon lords with Norman knights.
• the entire governing class of the English had ben dispossessed.

• Viking raids had been part of life for a centrury before the days of Alfred
• a Viking king, Canute / turned Anglo-Saxon England into part of his vast maritime empire
• Godwine, one of the most powerful Anglo-Saxon nobles
• Godwine became virtual co-ruler with Canute, an Earl, as his chosen advisor
• a scheming, ruthless man
• Canute's death in 1035 / a chain of events
• a descendant of Alfred the Great, a prince of the Saxon royal house, Edward, known as the Confessor
• Edward the Confessor, crowned on Easter Day, 1043 (9 years after Canute's death)

7 + 8

• Edward hated Godwine because Godwine arranged his older brother's murder.
• Godwine held the keys to the kingdom.
• Godwine offered/forced his daughter on Edward the King / marriage
• Edward knew very little about England because he grew up in exile.
• Edward grew up in Normandy, across the English Channel.
• Edward's mother Emma was a Norman.
• He lived there for 30 years / his mother tongue Norman French /