Introducrtion to Logic 读书笔记
2021年1月24日
“In a republican nation, whose citizens are to be led by persuasion and not by force, the art of reasoning becomes of the first importance.”
共和国不应依靠强权而非理据
2021年1月24日
“All reasoning is thinking, but not all thinking is reasoning”
所有的推理都是思考，但是并非所有的思考都是推理
2021年1月24日
“Our ignorance is vast, and therefore people often resort to some authority in reaching judgment—but the need for reason cannot be escaped even then, because one must decide which authorities deserve respect.”
依靠权威，同时要懂得鉴别权威
2021年1月24日
“That first climb from chaotic thought into some well-ordered system of reasoning was an enterprise of extraordinary difficulty. Its first master, Aristotle (see p. 3), having developed a system within which the principles of reasoning could be precisely formulated, was rightly held in awe by rational thinkers from his day to ours. He was the first great logician.”
从0到1的体系建立往往经历异常困难的过程，亚里士多德是第一个精确制定系统性的推理原则的人，也是第一个伟大的逻辑学家。（嘴炮学家，毕竟在雅典一个民主制国家，得在议会上舌战群哲，有理有据的喷赢别人，你才能成为大师。做到极致就是所有人都没人喷得过你，但是又让所有人的脸没地方发，最差的结果就是苏格拉底
2021年1月25日
“If some Xs are Ys, then it cannot be true that no Ys are Xs”
亚里士多德的三段推断论，逻辑学的基础概念，辩论场上经常使用。注意三段论的诡辩用法，两个前提和一个结论。前提错误则结论不成立。（你是垃圾，我不是你，所以我不是垃圾。这就是忽略了小前提的子集和父集的关系，一种偷换概念的方式）
2021年1月25日
“We can then discover the logical relations among propositions: “If X is in Athens then X is not in Sparta.” We can then identify elementary arguments that depend upon these various relations: “If X is in Athens then X is not in Sparta. X is in Athens. Therefore X is not in Sparta.” The form of this simple argument, called modus ponens”
modus ponens 肯定前件式，如果啥，则啥。不证则明。
2021年1月25日
“Ockham sought to rid metaphysics, in which he was chiefly interested, of useless concepts. He urged that when a term or notion has been shown fruitless it should be simply cut out and discarded. This imperative principle, “Ockham’s razor,” remains a common guideline: In all rational thinking, entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity.”
奥卡姆剃刀：理性思考一件事物需要将所有其关联的无用的事物剔除
2021年1月25日
“Deductive logic had largely begun with Aristotle’s compiled treatises, The Organon.”
工具论，还有🥓的新工具论
2021年1月25日
“Called “the father of empiricism”, Bacon, with other pioneers of the scientific revolution in astronomy and medicine, did not reject the work of classical logicians, but supplemented that work by formulating the methods that make possible the acquisition of empirical truths. Facts—what we learn about the world—constitute the premises upon which deductive arguments can be built. These were the first great steps in formulating the principles of inductive logic.”
经验主义之父，弗兰西斯培根创立了归纳哲学的开端，被科学家广泛应用于各个学科。事实或者经验，构成了我们对世界的了解。
2021年1月25日
“he explored the logic of relations— and he anticipated work later done in expressing Boolean operations using the features of electrical switching circuits, a key step toward the actual development of the all-conquering logic machine that had been envisioned by Gottfried Leibniz.”
电路图的逻辑门，莱布尼茨的设想中的终极逻辑机器==》电脑的诞生
2021年1月25日
“Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning.”
一来先整个定义，祖传自亚里士多德
2021年1月30日
“Aristotle—one of the trio, with Plato and Socrates, ”
雅典三贤：苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德
2021年1月30日
“Questions, commands, and exclamations—unlike propositions—are neither true nor false.”
疑问句，祈使句，感叹句都不是一个命题。
2021年1月30日
“ Proposition is the term we use to refer to what it is that declarative sentences are typically used to assert.”
长句：命题是用来断言一个描述性的语句
2021年1月30日
“The term statement is not an exact synonym of proposition, but it is often used in logic in much the same sense. Some logicians prefer statement to proposition, although the latter has been more commonly used in the history of logic. Other logicians eschew both terms as metaphysical, using only the term sentence. However, the concept of a proposition is seen by many as making a useful distinction between a sentence and what the sentence asserts. Consequently, in this book we use both terms.”
陈述statement和命题proposition是不同的
2021年1月30日
“The very same sentence can be used to make very different statements (or to assert very different propositions), depending on the context in which it is expressed. For example, the sentence, “The largest state in the United States was once an independent republic,” once expressed a true statement or proposition (about Texas), but if asserted today would express a false statement or proposition (about Alaska). The same words assert different propositions at different times.”
不同的陈述在不同前提下的结果不一定相同
2021年1月30日
“ “Circuit courts are useful, or they are not useful.” This disjunctive proposition is plainly true, but either one of its components might be false.”
选言命题，合起来是true，但是其中每个子命题可能都是false
2021年1月30日
“Other compound propositions that do not assert their components are hypothetical (or conditional) propositions. ”
2021年1月30日
“Arguments are the chief concern of logic.”
论证是逻辑学的首要关注点
2021年1月30日
“Inference A process by which one proposition is arrived at and affirmed on the basis of some other proposition or propositions.”
论理是一个基于其他命题中得到另一个命题的过程
2021年1月30日
“The conclusion of an argument is the proposition that is affirmed on the basis of the other propositions of the argument”
一个论证的结论即命题，是从其他论证得到的命题所得到肯定。
2021年1月30日
“Our concerns will be chiefly two. First, we will be concerned about the form of an argument under consideration, to determine if that argument is of a kind that is likely to yield a warranted conclusion. Second, we will be concerned about the quality of the argument, to determine whether it does in fact yield a warranted conclusion.”
作为逻辑学需要考虑的不是结论，而是论证是否是一个能得出结论的结构以及论证的质量是否经得起推敲从而得出可靠的结论。
2021年1月30日
“Argument Any group of propositions of which one is claimed to follow from the others, which are regarded as providing support or grounds for the truth of that one.
Conclusion In any argument, the proposition to which the other propositions in the argument are claimed to give support, or for which they are given as reasons.
Premises In an argument, the propositions upon which inference is based; the propositions that are claimed to provide grounds or reasons for the conclusion.”
论证、结论、前
提
2021年1月30日
“Good sense is, of all things in the world, the most equally distributed, for everybody thinks himself so abundantly provided with it that even those most difficult to please in all other matters do not commonly desire more of it than they already possess.
”
所有人都认为所有人拥有的理智是世界上最平均分配的东西，哪怕是那些最难被取悦的人也认为他们已经拥有足够的理智儿不需要更多了，
笔记摘自: Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl; McMahon, Kenneth. “Introduction to Logic。” Apple Books.
