聊一聊冠词的泛指和特指
100词写作社群里面出现了这样一个句子:
Thirdly, as their lives are being dominated by smartphones, students and workers are susceptible to nomophobia, feeling extremely anxious about not having access to their phones. This means they are becoming a slave to their phone.
有同学问到了这样一个问题:
为什么they后面可以跟一个单数名词a slave? 是不是要改为slaves?
这是一个挺有代表性的问题,它属于地道英文里面经常出现的一个结构:XX are a place/student/person… 比如BBC就有这样一个句子:

Creating looks directly inspired by the catwalk but at half the price, these shops are a great place to pick up a couple of trend-led pieces.
回到前面的句子,they are becoming a slave to their phone这里"a slave"不能理解为“一名奴隶”,而是一个泛指的概念,相当于slaves,句子实际上相当于:they are becoming slaves to their phone
《卫报》里面也有两个类似的例子:
(1) Will that make me more popular, or more successful? People are a slave to winning other’s approvals.

(2) We are slaves to the printed word, but only handwriting conveys real beauty

这里a slave和slaves一样都是泛指概念。冠词的泛指和特指一直是一个难点,不少同学在写作中容易搞混,这里具体介绍一下。
泛指
对于冠词的泛指,有四种表达形式:
1.不可数名词不加冠词表示泛指
2.复数名词不加冠词表示泛指
3.单数名词加定冠词 the 可以表示泛指
4.不定冠词 a/an 加单数名词可以表示泛指
下面解释一下这几点:
1.不可数名词不加冠词表示泛指
不可数名词在表示泛指时,前面不加定冠词 the,如果加 the,则表示特指。比如:
Salt is a strong-tasting substance, in the form of white powder or crystals.
此时 salt 是泛指,指代“盐”这一类物品。
Can you pass the salt please?
上面这句话的意思是“请把盐递过来好吗?”,这里 salt 是特指,指说话人和听话人都知道的那一袋“盐”。
2.复数名词不加冠词表示泛指
复数名词在表示泛指时前面不能加定冠词 the,如果加了 the,就表示特指,比如:
(1)Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.
(2)The pumas escaped from the zoo.
第一个句子中的 pumas 是泛指,指美洲狮这种动物,第二个句子中 pumas 是特指,指一群逃离动物园的美洲狮。

一些同学在写作文时喜欢在可数名词复数前面加the来泛指某一类事物,但这种用法是错误的,比如:
The government wants more people to use public transport instead of the private cars. (政府希望更多的人使用公共交通工具而不是私家车)
根据句意,“私家车”应该是一个泛指概念,但句子中the private cars只能表示特指,与语境不符,因此定冠词the要去掉。
3.单数名词加定冠词 the 可以表示泛指
定冠词 the 与单数名词连用时,可以表示泛指,表示一个由典型的样品所代表的那个类别。
举个例子,要泛指“政府”,应该怎么说?下面两个外刊标题给出了答案:


1.Why governments should introduce gender budgeting
2.Should the government guarantee work for everybody
这两个标题中 government 都是可数名词,可以通过 governments 或 the government 来泛指“政府”。不少人在写作文时经常出现这样的句子:
To solve this problem, the governments should ...
这种写法是错误的,因为 the governments 是特指用法,不能用来泛指政府,应该说:
To solve this problem, governments / the government should ...
4.不定冠词 a/an 加单数名词可以表示泛指
不定冠词 a/an 加单数名词可以泛指某一类事物中任何一个具有代表性的成员。举个例子,柯林斯词典对 puma 一词的定义是这样的:

A puma is a wild animal that is a member of the cat family. Pumas have brownish-grey fur and live in mountain regions of North and South America.
第一个句子 a puma 泛指美洲狮这种动物,第二个句子 pumas 同样也泛指美洲狮这种动物。
不过需要注意的一点是,a/an 加单数名词泛指主要是限于用在主语的情况。
冠词的特指主要有下面几种情况:
1.the+不可数名词
2.the+可数名词复数
3.the+可数名词单数(需要根据语境判断)
关于第一点和第二点,我们在前面已经有解释过,第三点 the+可数名词单数表示特指要考虑语境因素,比如新概念3第一课的选段:
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.
段落中出现了两个 puma,第一个 puma 是泛指,第二个 puma 指代前面提到的那只“美洲狮”,因此是特指。

其他情况
除了上面提到的泛指和特指之外,冠词还有一些特殊用法,比如 “the+形容词”表示一类人,此时是泛指。举个例子:
There is an increasing gap between the rich and the poor.
the rich,the poor 都是“the+形容词”的泛指形式。
关于冠词的其他特殊用法可以参考语法书中对冠词的讲解部分。
剑桥词典官网的语法栏目对冠词的使用的讲解也很详细,推荐各位同学去看看:
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/a-an-and-the