英汉对照：术语翻译的一一对应One-to-One Correspondence in Term Translation
玫瑰的其他名字Other Names of a Rose
人们使用语言时，会给同一件事物，加上不同的名称，而且这些不同的名称背后可以是不同的概念。比如，文学里的修辞用法。中国的诗人把月亮叫做玉兔或者冰盘。另外，在实际的语言使用里，同一件事物也会用不同的词语来指称。比如，汽车可以叫交通工具，也可以叫车辆。
When using a language, people may give one thing different names. And there can be different concepts behind different names. Rhetorical uses of words in literature can be taken as examples. Ancient Chinese poets call moon jade rabbit or ice plate. Besides, one thing may be referred to with different words in language use in real life. For example, an automobile may be called a transport or a vehicle.
词素是构成词的最小单位。单个词素对应一个或者多个音节。如果是单个词素构成的词，意义相同或者说指称同一个概念，语感上就会认为是不同语言之间的一一对应。就像莎士比亚说的，“名字代表什么？我们所称的玫瑰换个名字还是一样芳香。”
Morpheme is the smallest unit in the composition of a word. A morpheme has one syllable or several syllables. If a word consists of a single morpheme and such words in two languages have the same meaning or, in other words, refer to the same concept, language sense will consider they form one-to-one correspondence between different languages. Just like Shakespeare said, “What is the name? That which we call a rose by another name would smell as sweet.”
不同语言里的两个词，因为指称的事物相同，或者更精确地说，是指称同一个概念，会被认为是同样的意义。其实，这和同一语言里的同义词是一样的。而在翻译中，词可以有音译和意译。这种情况也可以作为例子。
Two words in different languages are regarded as have the same meaning because they refer to the same thing, or more exactly, the same concept. In fact, this is the same as the synonyms in one language. And in translation, a word can have both transliteration and free translation and this case also can be taken as an example.
复合词和词组里，包含着多个词素，也就含有多个概念。这时，不同语言之间，同一个事物的这种复杂名称中,词素之间不一定总是一一对应。还有因为语言习惯，不同语言在相同语境下指称同一个事物，会使用有相同和不同的概念来表达，也就有不同的词素组合形式。比如，出舱活动的英文术语extravehicular activities.
In a compound word or a phrase, there are several morphemes and thus several concepts. In such case, this type of complex names for a thing in different languages might not form one-to-one correspondence between morphemes on the two sides. In addition, because of language customs, both identical and different concepts can be used when one thing is referred to in different languages under the same linguistic context. And thus there are different forms of combination of morphemes for the names of the same thing. For example, the English term “extravehicular activities” has a Chinese equivalent of “出舱活动”.
