LEVIATHAN

THE INTRODUCATION

引言

NATURE(the Art whereby God hath made as governes the World) is by the Art of man, as in many other things, so in this also imitated, that it can make an Artificiall Animal.

大自然是人的艺术（一种凭借上帝创造和治理世界的艺术），像许多其他事物一样，大自然也是被模仿的，因此它可以创造出一种人造动物。

For seeing life is but a motion of Limbs, the begining whereof is in some principall（principal） part within; why may we not say, that all Automata (Engines that move themselves by springs and wheeles（wheels） as doth a watch) have an artificiall life?

因为生命只是肢体的一种运动，它的起源在其内部的主要部分，我们为什么不能说所有像钟表一样通过发条和齿轮来运转的具有一种人造的生命呢？

For what is the Heart, but a Spring; and the Nerves, but so many Strings; and the Joynts（joints), but so many Wheeles, giving motion to the whole Body, such as was intended by the Artificer?

是否可以说心脏只是发条，神经只是牵引之绳，而关节则是许多齿轮，他们如同创造者预先设计的那样让整个身体运动呢？

Art goes yet further, imitating that Rationall（rational） and most excellent worke of Nature, Man, for by art is created that great LEVIATHAN called a COMMON-WEALTH, or STATE, (in latine CIVITAS) which is but an Artificiall Man; though of greater stature and strength than the Naturall, for whose protection and defence it was intended; and in which, the Sovereighty is an artificiall Soul, as giving life and motion to the whole body; The Magistrates, and other officers of Judicature and Execution, artficiall Joynts（joints）; Reward and Punishment(by which fastned to the seate of the Soveraighty, every joynt and member is moved to performe his duty) are the Nerves, that do the same in body Naturall; The Wealth and Riches of all the particular members, are the strength; Salus populi(the peoples safety) its Businesses; Counsellors, by whom all things needfull for it to know, are suggested unto it, are the Memory; Equity and Lawes, an artificiall Reason and Will; Concord, Health; Sedition, Sicknesse; and Civill war,Death.

艺术更高明一些，它还要模仿大自然有理性的、最优秀的创造，人，被称为“联邦”或者“国家”（拉丁文civitas）的伟大的“利维坦”，也是由艺术所创造的，被称为“人造的人”；尽管他比自然更身高力大，他被设计出来也是为了更好地保护自然人；其中，主权是给予“利维坦”全身生命和运动的“人造灵魂”；地方行政和司法、执法等其他官员是“人造关节”；奖励和惩罚机制（用以紧密连接最高主权职位，并推动每个关节和成员执行他的责任）是“人造神经”；这和自然人身体是一样的，资产和财富是所有个别成员的实力，人民的安全是他的事业，向他提供所有必要知识并被建议进入他身体里面的顾问是记忆；公平和法律是人造的理智和意志，和睦是健康，动乱是疾病，内乱是死亡。

Lastly, the Pacts and Covenants, by which the parts of this Body Politique were at first made, set togother, and united, resemble that Fiat, or the Let us make man,pyonounced by God in the Creation.

最后，用来把这个团体的各部分最初建立、联合和组织的公约和盟约，就像上帝创世时所颁布的那个命令。让我们造一个人。

To describe the Nature of this Artificiall man, I will consider

如何描述这个自然和人造的人，我将考虑......

First, the Matter thereof, and the Artificer, both which is Man.

首先，创作材料和创造者，这二者都是人。

Secondly, How, and by what covenants it is made; what are the rights and just Power or Authority of a Soveraigne; and what it is that preserves and dissolves it.

其次，它是用什么盟约怎样组成的；什么是君主的权利和权威；什么是保存和瓦解它的原因。

Thirdly, what is a Christian Common-wealth.

再次，什么是基督教的共同财富。

Lastly, what is the kingdome of Darkness.

最后，什么是黑暗的王国。

Concerning the first, there is a saying much usurped of late, That Wisdom is acquired, not by reading of Books, but of Men. Consequently whereunto, those persons, that for the most part can give no other proof of being wise, take great delight to shew what they think they have read in men, by uncharitable censures of one another behind their backs. But there is another saying not of late understood, by which they might learn truly to read one another, if they would take the pains; and that is, Nosce teipsum, read thy self.

关于第一点，有一句最近被滥用的俗语，理智是通过了解人，而不是通过读书获得的。因此，那些没有其它证据可以证明他们明智的人，获得快乐的办法是通过背后互相攻击指责，从而展示他们自以为对人的了解。但是另一种近来尚不为人知的说法是，他们或许可以学着真正彼此了解，如果他们能克服痛苦的话，那就是“认识你自己！”

Which was not meant, as it is now used, to countenance, either the barbarous state of men in power, towards their inferiors; or to encourage men of low degree, to a sawcie behaviour towards their betters; But to teach us, that for the similitude of the thoughts, and Passions of one man, to the thoughts, and Passions of another, whosoever looks into himself, and considereth what he doth, when he does think, opine, reason, hope, feare, etc, and upon what grounds; he shall thereby read and know, what are the thoughts, and Passions of all other men, upon the like occasions.

这句话并不像现在常用的那样意味着有权势的人持野蛮残暴的态度对待下级；也不鼓励更低社会地位的人向比自己高的人做出不逊的举动；而是教给我们，由于每个人思想和感情的相似性，无论是谁在反思他自身时，当他思考，建议，推理，希望，害怕....时，都会考虑他在做什么，以及是根据什么做的；从而在其他类似的情况之下了解别人的思想和感情。

I say the similitude of the Passions, which are the same in all men, desire, feare, hope, etc; not the similitude of objects of the passions, which are the things desires, feared, hoped, etc: for these the constitution individuall, and particular education do so vary, and they are so easy to be kept from our knowledge, that the characters of mans heart, blotted and confounded as they are, with dissembling, lying, counterfeiting, and erroneous doctrines, are legible onely to him that searcheth hearts.

我说的相似是指所有人感情的相似，如欲望，恐惧，希望等等；而不是感情对象的相似，即所欲望、所恐惧、所希望的事物；因为个人的构成、所受的教育千差万别，所以他们轻易会被真理拒之门外，人心的性质被掩饰、谎言、伪装和错误的教条所掩盖，只有探究人心的人才能清楚地了解。

And though by mens actions wee do discover their designe sometimes; yet to do it without comparing them with our own, and distinguishing all circumstances, by which the case may come to be altered, is to decipher without a key, and be for the most part deceived, by too much trust, or by too much difffidence; as he that reads, is himself a good or evil man.

虽然我们有时候能通过人们的活动发现他们的意向，但那样做却没有把他和我们自己比较，区别所有可能发生变化的情况，没有要点的理解，而且大多数情况下会因过于相信或过于猜疑而失误，因为从事了解的可能是好人，也可能是坏人。

But let one man read another by his actions never so perfectly, it serves him only with his acquaintance, which are but few. He that is to govern a whole Nation, must read in himself, not this, or that particular man; but Man-kind: which though it be hard to do, harder than to learn any Language, or Science; yet, when i shall have set down my own reading orderly, and perspicuously, the pains left another, will be onely to consider, if he also find not the same in himself. For this kind of Doctrine, admitteth no other Demonstration.

让一个人了解另一个人不要完全依赖于他的行动吧，这种办法只适用于他为数不多的相识之人。他想要统治一个国家，首先得要认识他自己，而且不仅仅是去了解一个特定的人，而是了解整个人类，人们认为这是很难做到的，难于学习任何语言，科学，然而，我将建立一个有秩序的、清晰的了解过程，留下的另一个困难，将只需考虑他自身是否还不是那么一回事，因为这类理论，不允许有其它验证。