be的用法。素材。牛津高阶
译文仅供参考。
be 1
(a) exist; occur; live 有; 存在; 生存: Is there a God? 有上帝吗? * For there to be life there must be air and water.
一定要有空气和水才有生命.
* There are no easy answers.
现成的答案是没有的.
* There are many such people.
这样的人多的是.
* Once upon a time there was a princess.
从前有一个公主.
* There have been cows in that field / since my grandfather's time.
从我祖父那时候起, 那片地上就养着牛.
(b) be present; stand 在; 在场:
There's a bus-stop down the road.
路的前方有一个公共汽车站.
(Cf 参看
The bus-stop is down the road.
There were no books on the shelf.
书架上没有书.
* There are some good photographs in this exhibition.
本次展览会有很多照片展示.
(with an adv or a prepositional phrase indicating position in space or time 与表示地点或时间的副词或介词短语连用)
副词=介词短语
(a) be +副词=be situated 位於; 处於:
The lamp is on the table.
灯在桌子上.
* The stable / is a mile away.
马房在一英里外。
* Mary's upstairs.
玛丽在楼上.
* John's out in the garden.
约翰在外面。在花园里。
* They are on holiday in the Lake District.
他们在度假。在英格兰湖区。
(b) happen; occur; take place 发生; 产生; 举行:
The party is after work.
聚会之举行。于下班之后。
* The election was on Monday.
选举当日。是星期一。
* The concert will be in the school hall.
音乐会举行。将在学校大厅。
* The meetings are on Tuesdays and Thursdays in the main hall.
会议在星期二和星期四於大礼堂举行.
(c) remain 停留; 逗留; 待:
She has been in her room for hours.
她待在自己的房里。数个小时。
* They're here till Christmas.
他们待在这里。直到圣诞节。
(d) attend; be present 出席; 到场:
Were you at church yesterday?
昨日，你在教堂吗？
I'll be at the party.
我会参加此次聚会。
(with an advor a prepositional phrase indicating direction, a starting point, etc 与副词或介词短语连用表示方向﹑ 起点等) leave; arrive 离开; 到达:
副词等于介词短语
I'll be on my way very soon.
我将上路。不久以后。
* She's from Italy, ie Her native country is Italy.
她是意大利人（她的原籍是意大利）.
(usu with an adv or a prepositional phrase indicating destination; in the perfect tenses only 通常与副词或介词短语连用表示目的; 仅用於完成时态) visit or call 到某地; 访问; 拜访:
I've never been to Spain.
我从未完成过去西班牙的行为。
* She had been abroad many times.
她过去出国多次。
* Has the plumber been (ie called) yet?
管子工来了吗?
[La, Ln] (indicating a quality or a state 表示性质或状况):
The world is round. Life is unfair.
地球圆。生活曲。
* He is ten years old.
他十岁了.
* I am of average height.
我中等身材.
* Be quick! 赶快! * She's a great beauty.
她是个大美人.
* `How are you?' `I'm quite well, thanks.
' ‘你好吗?’‘很好, 谢谢.
’
[La, Ln] (in exclamations 用於感叹句):
Were `they surprised to see us!
他们见到我们。定会大吃一惊！
Aren't you a great cook!
你的厨艺非同凡响！
Wasn't that a good film!
那部电影。真是精彩！
[Ln] (indicating the name, profession, pastime, etc of the subject 表示所谈论的话题的名称﹑ 职业﹑ 消遣等):
Today is Monday.
今天星期一.
* You are the man I want.
你是我需要的人.
* `Who is that?' `It's the postman.
那人是做什么的？那人是邮递员。
’ * Susan is a doctor.
苏姗是医生。
* Peter is a keen footballer / in his spare time.
* He wants to be (ie become) a fireman when he grows up.
他希望长大以後当（成为）消防队员.
[Ln] (indicating possession, actual or intended 表示实际所有或意欲得到):
The money's not yours, it's John's, ie It belongs to John and not to you.
这笔钱不是你的, 是约翰的.
* This parcel is for you.
这个包裹是给你的.
[Ln] (showing equivalence in value, number, etc 表示价值﹑ 数目等相等) (a) cost 价值; 花费:
`How much is that dress?' `It's 50.
' ‘那件连衣裙多少钱?’‘50英镑.
’ (b) amount to; equal 合计; 等於:
Twice two is four.
二二得四. 得，等于也。
* Three and three is six.
三加三。等于六。
* Four threes are twelve.
四乘三。等於十二。
(c) constitute 组成:
London is not England, ie Don't think that all of England is like London.
伦敦不等于英国。不要认为。英国处处如伦敦。
(d) represent 代表:
Let x be the sum of a and b.
设x为a与b之和.
设X等于a加b的和。
为，等于也，如也。
(e) mean; signify 意味; 表示:
It is nothing to me.
这对我来说不算什麽.
* A thousand pounds is nothing to a rich man.
一千镑对富翁来说算不上什麽.
(idm 习语) the ,be-all and `end-all (of sth) (infml 口) the most important part; all that matters 最重要的部分; 最要紧的事:
Her boy-friend / is the be-all and end-all of / her existence.
她的男朋友就是她生活中最重要的内容.
(he, etc has) been and `done sth (infml 口) (expressing protest and surprise 表示抗议和惊奇):
Someone's been (and gone) and eaten my porridge!
有人来过（又走了）, 竟把我的麦片粥给喝了!
be one`self, act naturally 自然地行事:
Don't try to act sophisticated just be yourself.
Don't try to act sophisticated just act naturally.
不要装得老成持重--你是怎麽样就怎麽样.
be that as it `may despite that; nevertheless 不顾; 尽管:
I accept / that he's old and frail; be that as it may, he's still a good politician.
我认为。彼虽年老体衰。仍属优秀政客。
it is/was as if.
.
.
/as though.
.
.
it seems/seemed that.
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.
似乎.
.
.
; 好像.
.
.
: It's as if he never listens to a word of I say.
似乎，彼人从未听我所言。
.
.
.
that was .
.
.
as sb used to be called 如人们过去对某人常用的称呼:
Miss Brown that was, ie before her marriage.
布朗小姐, 即她婚前的称呼.
ie，即也。
-to-`be (in compounds 用以构成复合词) future 未来; 将来: his ,bride-to-`be, ie his future bride *
mothers-to-`be, ie pregnant women.
(For other idioms containing be, see entries for ns, adjs, etc 与be搭配的其他习语见有关名词﹑ 形容词等的词条, 如 be the death of sb =>death.
)
be 2
/ bɪ; bɪ; strong form 强读å¼ǒ biː; bi/ aux v =>Usage 见所附用法
(used with a past participle to form the passive 与过去分词连用构成被动语态):
He was killed in the war.
他阵亡了.
* Where were they made?
这些东西是在哪里制造的? *
The thief was caught.
窃贼被捉住了.
* The house is/was being built.
The house is being built.
其屋现在，建造之中。
The house was being built
其屋当时，建造之中。
* You will be severely punished if you do not obey.
你将会受到严厉的惩罚。假如你不服从命令。
严厉的惩罚将会到来。如果你不服从命令。
(used with present participles to form continuous tenses 与现在分词连用构成进行时态):
They are/were reading.
他们现在。阅读之中。
他们当时。阅读之中。
* I am studying Chinese.
我现在。学习汉语中。
* I shall be seeing him soon.
我将见到他。不久以后。
* What have you been doing this week?
你完成了什么。这一周中？
I'm always being criticized.
我受批评。持续不断。
(with to + infinitive 与to+不定式连用)
(a) (expressing duty, necessity, etc 表示责任﹑ 需要等):
I am to (ie I have been told to) inform you that.
我有义务（我受人之托）通知你.
* You are to report (ie must, should report) to the police.
你应该报警.
(b) (expressing arrangement, intention or purpose 表示安排﹑ 意向或目的):
Be to = will 意愿
They are to be married, ie will be married.
他们有结婚的安排、目的、意向。
* Each participant was to pay his own expenses.
那个活动。自费参与。人人如此。
* The telegram was to say that she'd be late.
电报说。她会迟到。
(c) (expressing possibility 表示可能性):
The book was not to be (ie could not be) found.
那本书。可能找不到了。
(d) (expressing destiny 表示注定):
He was never to see his wife again, ie Although he did not know it at the time, he did not see her again.
从那以后，他再未见过自己的妻子。
* The celebrations were not to be, ie They did not, in fact, take place.
庆祝活动。不会有了。
(e) (only in the form were, expressing supposition 仅用were这一形式, 表示假设):
If I were to tell you/Were I to tell you that I killed him, would you believe me?
如果我对你说。是我杀了他。你相信吗？
If it were to rain, we would have to cancel the match tomorrow.
明天，如果下雨，我们会取消这场比赛。
NOTE ON USAGE 用法: Be is used as a main verb (be1) and as an auxiliary verb (be2).
*be可用作主要动词 (be1), (be2).
The various written and spoken forms are the same for both verbs 两者的各种书面语和口语形式均相同: am (pres t with I) / əm, m;m/, strong form / m; æm/; written contraction I'm / aɪm; aɪm/; negative question aren't I? / ˈɑːntaɪ; US ˈɑːrəntaɪ; ɑrnt aɪ/.
*am （现在时态与 I / əm, m; m/, 强读式/m; Am/; 书写缩约式 I'm / aɪm; aɪm/; 否定疑问式 aren't I? / ˈɑːntaɪ; ç¾óå¼ǒ ˈɑːrəntaɪ; ɑrnt aɪ/.
*is (pres t with he, she, it) / s, z; s, z/, strong form / ɪz; ɪz/; written contractions it's / ɪts; ɪts/, Jack's / dʒks; dʒæks/, he's/hi:z, hIz; hIz/, she's / ʃiːz, ʃɪz; ʃɪz/, the cow's / ðə kauz; ðəˋkaʊz/; negative isn't / ˈɪznt; ˋɪznt/.
*is（现在时态与hesheit连用）/s, z; s, z/, 强读式 / ɪz; ɪz/; 书写缩约式it's / ɪts; ɪts/, Jack's / dʒks; dʒæks/, he's / hiːz, hɪz; hɪz/,she's / ʃiːz, ʃɪz; ʃɪz/, the cow's / ðə kauz; ðə ˋkaʊz/; 否定式 isn't / ˈɪznt; ˋɪznt/.
*are (pres t with you, we, they)/E(r); L/ , strong form / ɑː(r); ɑr/; written contractions we're / wɪə(r); wɪr/, you're / juə(r), jɔː(r); jʊr/, they're/TeE(r); Ter/; negative aren't / ɑːnt; US ˈɑːrənt; ɑrnt/.
*are（现在时态与youwethey连用）/E(r); L/ , 强读å¼ǒ/ ɑː(r); ɑr/; 书写缩约式 we're / wɪə(r); wɪr/, you're/jUE(r), jR:(r); jJr/, they're / ðeə(r); ðer/; 否定式 aren't / ɑːnt; ç¾óå¼ǒ ˈɑːrənt; ɑrnt/.
*was (pt with I, he, she, it)/wEz; wEz/, strong form / wɔz; US wʌz; wʌz/; negative wasn't / ˈwɔznt; US ˈwʌznt; ˋwʌznt/.
*was （过去时态与Ihesheit连用）/wEz; wEz/, 强读式 / wɔz; ç¾óå¼ǒ wʌz; wʌz/; 否定式 wasn't / ˈwɔznt; ç¾óå¼ǒ ˈwʌznt; ˋwʌznt/.
*were (pt with you, we, they) / wə(r); wɚ/, strong form/w\:(r); w[/; negative weren't / wɜːnt; US ˈwɜːrənt; wənt/.
*were （过去时态与 you we they连用）/wE(r); wL/, 强读式 / wɜː(r); wə/; 否定式 weren't / wɜːnt; ç¾óå¼ǒˈwɜːrənt; wənt/.
*being (pres p) / ˈbiːɪŋ; ˋbiɪŋ/.
*being / ˈbiːɪŋ; ˋbiɪŋ/.
*been (pp) / biːn; US also bɪn; bɪn/.
*been（过去分词）/bi:n; 美式 bIn; bIn/.
be-
pref 前缀
(with vs and adjs ending in -ed 与动词和以-ed结尾的形容词结合) all around; all over 全面; 到处: besmear * bedeck * bejewelled.
(with ns and adjs forming transitive vs 与名词和形容词结合, 构成及物动词) make or treat as 使; 视为: befriend * belittle.
(with intransitive vs forming transitive vs 与不及物动词结合, 构成及物动词): bemoan * bewail.
