小谈稻草人的历史、演变
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起源：彼得的衣帽稻草人，对比我小时见到的稻草人或简单的棍子加袋子 历史综述：各国，中国的缺失（草船借箭）
节日：爱尔兰为例（对比我们农村的文娱社区生活） 艺术中的稻草人：书本、视频、摄影 你心目的形象：看到稻草人，第一个冒出的形容词是？
波特小姐笔下的小彼得在麦格雷戈先生菜园冒险一圈后丢失了新外套和鞋子，被后者“挂在一根竹竿上，做成一个稻草人来吓唬乌鸦”。有一天我心里咯噔一下，这篇故事出版于1902年的英国，而我所长大的农村也有稻草人。那么稻草人是否全世界都有，人类何时开始因何种原因使用，各地是否有不同，它真的有用吗？
我经过这几天的搜索阅读，对上面的疑问有了大致的了解。稻草人的确切历史目前没有定文，但可以知道的是，早在3000年前，尼罗河沿岸的埃及人开始使用网和杆的搭配，来驱逐和捕捉鸟，不仅保护麦田，而且还能加餐。随后，希腊、罗马、日本都有自己的稻草人代表。罗马的军队给欧洲带去了农田的守卫者，欧洲移民将其带去北美洲；美国的西进运动极大普及了稻草人。稻草人替换人在农作物成熟季巡逻，可能是因大瘟疫儿童数量的减少（以前儿童充当驱赶者），可能是农田扩大或太偏远，而且它们反映当地文化的一部分，希腊模仿了他们的司农神普里阿普斯，据说极为丑陋因而用作吓唬小鸟，日本是他们的知识和农业之神kakashis，而德国装饰成女巫的模样。也许人类认为，能吓唬到自己的也能吓唬到动物，或者带有某种宗教或迷信的意味。每地还有相应装饰标准，比如蓝帽子、脖间的大红手帕、长袖子。
我成长的农村正经做稻草人的少，见到的更多是简易版：一根棍子绑个红色塑料袋，随风飘扬，像是人类的手在挥舞。
大家有没有发现中国似乎在稻草人的历史中是缺席的？我在知网下载的一篇文章《可爱的稻草人》（孙俊著，刊于《集邮博览》2002/9)看到说：在我国，更有趣的是，足智多谋的诸葛亮在古代著名的赤壁战役中曾用稻草扎成的“士兵”向曹操“借”了十万枝箭。我找到了《三国演义》第46回的描述：
孔明曰：“望子敬借我二十只船，每船要军士三十人，船上皆用青布为幔，各束草千余个，分布两边....”《三国演义》岳麓书社P226
只简单说了一个“草”，并没说做成草人或之类。
二战后化学品在农业的使用威胁到了稻草人的岗位，但由于科学家对化学品使用的副作用发现，很多农民再次开始无伤害的稻草人来驱逐不请自来的动物们，而且出现了很多高科技的驱赶者。关于历史的介绍，大家可以移步到文末，我翻译了两篇我认为详细和精炼的文章。
但是稻草人的装饰性和历史性并未被磨灭。稻草人节就像是秋收后的一场狂欢。爱尔兰的All-Ireland Scarecrow Championship便是一个例子。这个节日在Durrow Scarecrow Village举行，始于1954年。一年一度的节日不仅包括稻草人的评比，还有音乐会、工作坊、野餐和游戏。我注意到2016年All-Ireland Scarecrow Championship赛前的一个通告，很有意思，全爱尔兰的两百多稻草人来追逐当年500欧元的最高奖，其中一百多是来自外阜，需要运输到举办地Durrow。因为疫情，这个节日已经被取消两次（2020年和2021年）。相比我们的农村生活，似乎没有这种社区性的、文化性的活动（我觉得麻将是日常的娱乐和“竞技”行为）。
艺术家的眼睛没有离开过稻草人。书籍（小说、图画书等）、影视、摄影统统都有。同样在《可爱的稻草人》（孙俊著，刊于《集邮博览》2002/9)提到美国摄影师安.派克和德国摄影师汉斯.西尔法斯特，我找到了他们对应的英文名Ann Parker、Hans Silvester和代表作。Hans Silvester拍摄了很多埃塞尔比亚的稻草人，感觉像是石头或金属的质地。
而且无意中看到一个2005年的动画短片《The Legend Of The Scarecrow》，整个影片背景阴暗，稻草人想要朋友，但它不知道它的模样和它的职责驱赶了潜在朋友，而被一只受伤的乌鸦点醒，于是鼓起勇气去深夜吓唬农夫，结果被村里围攻，活活烧死，而为了纪念它，乌鸦由蓝色变成了黑色。吓唬农夫我觉得是想让他们不再使用它，结果引来杀身之祸。非常残酷和忧伤。
所以，如果看到或想到稻草人，你冒出的第一个形容词是什么呢？
下面是我翻译的两篇关于稻草人的文章：
Scarecrows Historically Speaking
从历史来谈谈稻草人
by Kathy Warnes
For thousands of years scarecrows have helped humans save their crops fromcrows and other hungry mouths and provided an outlet for human creativity.Scarecrows are as old and as mysterious as human nature and have been usefulfriends to humans since the mists of early time.
数千年来（译注：据说3000年），稻草人帮助人类驱赶乌鸦和其他饥饿的动物来保护农作物，同时体现了人类的创造力。稻草人同人类本性一般古老和神秘，从人类历史迷雾一样的早期起，便成为了人类的益友。
A Brief History of Scarecrows 稻草人简史
Scarecrow genealogy is rooted in a rural life style. The Egyptians used thefirst scarecrows in recorded history to use to protect wheat fields along theNile River from flocks of quail. Egyptian farmers installed wooden frames intheir fields and covered them with nets. Then they hid in the fields, scaredthe quail into the nets and took them home to eat for dinner.
稻草人家谱根植于农村生活。据有记载的历史，埃及人是首批使用稻草人来保护尼罗河沿岸的麦田免遭成群鹌鹑的破坏。埃及的农民在田里树一个木架，并盖上网。然后他们躲在田中，将鹌鹑吓到网中，带回家做晚餐。
Greek farmers in 2,500 B.C. carved wooden scarecrows to look like Priapus, the sonof the god Dionysus and the goddess Aphrodite, who supposedly was ugly enoughto scare birds away from the vineyards and ensure good harvests. They paintedtheir wooden scarecrows purple and put a club in one hand to scare away thebirds and a sickle in the other for a good harvest.
公元前2500年，希腊的农民雕有木质的稻草人，貌似普里阿普斯（Priapus）---狄俄尼索斯神和阿佛洛狄忒女神的儿子---据说样貌丑陋足以吓跑葡萄园里的鸟儿来保证好的收成。他们将木的稻草人涂成紫色，在一只手中放根棍子来吓跑小鸟，另一只手握镰刀，寓意丰收。
The Romans copied the Greek scarecrow custom and when Roman armies marchedthrough the Europe they introduced Priapus scarecrows to the people there.Almost simultaneously with the Greeks and Romans, Japanese farmers madescarecrows to protect their rice fields. They made scarecrows called kakashis,shaped like people. They dressed the kakashis in a raincoat and a round strawhat and often added bows and arrows to make them look more threatening.Kojiki,theoldest surviving Japanese book compiled in the year 712, features 罗马人学到希腊稻草人的习俗。而当罗马军队进入欧洲时，他们带来了普里阿普斯样貌的稻草人。几乎同时，日本农民也制作稻草人来保护他们的稻谷，称其为kakashis（译注：日文的稻草人），装扮成人的模样：着雨衣和圆草帽，还常佩戴弓箭，显得更具威胁性。日本最早记录的书，《Kojiki》，712年汇编，描述了一名稻草神，名为Kuebiko，虽无法行走，但对世界的一切了如指掌。
In Germany, scarecrows were wooden and shaped to look like witches. Witchscarecrows were supposed to hasten the coming of spring. In medieval Britain,young boys and girls were used as live scarecrows or “bird scarers.” They wouldpatrol the fields of crops and scare away birds by waving their arms orthrowing stones. In later times, farmers stuffed sacks of straw, made faces ofgourds, and leaned the straw man against pole to scare away birds.
德国的稻草人是木头做的，且塑造成女巫的形象。女巫稻草人意在催促春天的到来。在英国中世纪，小男孩女孩是活稻草人或者鸟驱赶者，他们在庄稼地里巡逻，挥动手臂或扔石头吓跑鸟儿。再晚些，农民在麻袋塞满稻草，做成葫芦脸，并将稻草人靠在杆上来逐鸟。
New World Scarecrows 新世界的稻草人
In the United States, immigrant German farmers made human looking scarecrowscalled “bootzamon,” which later changed to bogeyman. They were dressed in oldclothes with a large red handkerchief around their necks. 在美国，德国移民过来的农民做成了人模样的稻草人，称为bootzamon（译注：德文的稻草人A），后演变成bogeyman（妖怪的意思）。他们着旧衣，脖子围着一块大红手帕。
其他信息：It was the Germanword for scarecrow, “bootzamon,” which eventually became “bogeyman,” a creepymythical man who has been frightening children into good behavior ever since. 这是稻草人的德语单词，“bootzamon”，最终变成了“妖怪”，一个令人毛骨悚然的神话人物，从那时起就一直在吓唬孩子们养成良好的行为。
Native American tribes across North America used scarecrows or bird scarers,mostly adult men. In Georgia, Creek Indian families moved into huts in theircorn fields to protect their crops during the growing season. In the Southwest,Zuni children had contests to see who could make the scariest scarecrow. 北美洲的美国原住民部落中，成人男性作稻草人或者鸟驱赶者的工作。在乔治亚州，克里克印第安家庭在成熟季搬进玉米地中的小屋来保护他们的农作物。西南边的祖尼部落小孩比赛谁能制作最可怕的稻草人。
Pilgrim families took turns guarding their fields against birds and animals,but as Americans expanded west they invented new kinds of nonhuman scarecrowslike wooden and straw figures. During the Great Depression, scarecrows could befound all across America, but in the agri-business era after World War II,farmers sprayed or dusted their crops with chemicals like DDT until scientistsdiscovered their harmful effects. To substitute for chemicals, some farmersbuilt scarecrows like whirligigs that revolved like windmills to scare away thebirds.
朝圣者家庭轮流守卫他们的田地以防鸟类和动物破坏，但随着美国人西进，他们发明了新型非人类稻草人，如木制和稻草人偶。大萧条期间，全美国都能找到稻草人的身影，但第二次世界大战后的农业经济年代，农民在庄稼上喷洒像DDT的化学品，直到科学家发现他们的副作用。一些农民做成像风车一样旋转的旋转木马般的稻草人偶来替代化学品，驱赶小鸟。
Modern Scarecrows 现代稻草人
Scarecrows still guard fields around the world during the growing season. Todaysome farmers use technological scarecrows instead of straw and wooden figures,technological scarecrows like reflective film ribbons tied to plants to createshimmers from the sun or automatic noise guns that are powered by propane gas.Other farmers in India and some Arab countries, station old men in chairs tothrow stones at birds to keep them away from the crops just like the medievalbird scarers.
在成熟季，稻草人继续在全世界的范围守卫农田。如今，一些农民弃稻草和木头做人偶，而使用技术型的稻草人，如绑在植物上的反光膜带，可以从太阳中产生微光，或者由丙烷气驱动的自动噪音枪。其他来自印度和一些阿拉伯国家的农民，让老人坐在椅子上向鸟类投掷石块，以使它们远离庄稼，就像中世纪的“鸟驱赶者”一样。
Just a Few Scarecrows of the Imagination 一些艺术作品的稻草人
Even though Dorothy inThe Wizard of Oz, by American author L.Frank Baum, admonishes her dog Toto, “Don’t be silly Toto, scarecrows don’ttalk,” the Scarecrow in theWizard of Ozdoes talk. In hisfirst appearance in the book, he reveals that he doesn’t have a brain and wantsmore than anything else to acquire one. The reality is that he already has abrain, but since he is only two days old it is largely unused. As the storyunfolds, he demonstrates that he does use his brain and it keeps growing alongwith his experiences. The scarecrow is symbolic because even though he has thetitle, “the wisest man in all of Oz,” he is wise enough to know hislimitations. He continues to credit the Wizard for his brains and he hands overthe throne of Oz that the Wizard bequeaths him to Princess Ozma. He becomes oneof her trusted advisors, but carves out enough time for himself to play gamesand enjoy life.
即使《绿野仙踪》（美国作家 L. Frank Baum著）中的Dorothy告诫她的小狗Toto说，别傻了，Toto，稻草人不能说话，但书里里的稻草人可以。他书里的首秀是告诉我们他没有大脑，特别想要一个。事实是他已经有一个，但他只有两岁，所以大脑没怎么被用到。随着故事展开，他证明他确实使用了他的大脑，并且大脑随着阅历而不断成长。该稻草人是象征性的，因为他即便有“奥兹国最聪明的人”称号，他也足够睿智地了解自己的局限。他凭借他的才智获得Wizard的信任，将Wizard馈赠给他的奥兹国王位还给了Ozma公主，成为了她信赖的顾问之一，但也为自己腾出足够的时间玩耍和享受生活。
Paul Cornell focuses on the sinister aspect of scarecrow evolution in his 1995Doctor Who novelHuman Nature, when he has his villains, the Familyof Blood, create an army of scarecrows to try to capture the Time Lord.
Paul Cornell在他 1995 年的神秘博士小说《人性》中专注于稻草人进化的险恶方面，当他有他的反派血族时，他创建了一支稻草人军队试图抓住时间领主。
Tim Preston, in his children’s book,The Lonely Scarecrow, sees awinter future for the scarecrow. He imagines that instead of dying in the fallafter the festivals and fun of Halloween are over, the scarecrow is coveredwith snow in the winter and becomes a useful friend until he resumes his guardduties in the spring.
Tim Preston在他的图画书《The Lonely Scarecrow》中预见了稻草人冬天的未来。他想象到，稻草人不会在万圣节的节日和欢乐后死去，而是在冬天被雪覆盖，成为一个益友，直到他来年春天再开始他的守卫职责。
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbGLQU1fwDI
Scarecrows of the Future 未来的稻草人
Scarecrows have evolved along with people and people sponsor scarecrowfestivals every year in places as diverse as West Kilbride,Scotland, St. Charles, Illinois, and Alberta, Canada. After the scarecrowfestivals are over, both scarecrows and people enjoy a long, friendly, restfulwinter before they resume their more strenuous duties in the spring.
稻草人随着人而变化，人们每年在各地如英国苏格兰的West Kilbride，美国伊利诺伊州的St. Charles, Illinois以及加拿大Alberta，资助稻草人节。节日过后，稻草人和人们一同享受一个漫长、友善、悠闲的冬季，直到春天他们都开始履行日益繁重的职责。
References
Brown, Margaret Wise, The Little Scarecrow Boy, Harper Collins, 2005
Miller, Marcianne,Creative Scarecrows: 35 Fun Figures for Your Yardand Garden, Lark Books, 2004. Preston, Tim,The Lonely Scarecrow, Dutton Juvenile, 1st Edition,1999
What Is the History of Scarecrows?
稻草人的历史是什么？
By Staff WriterLast Updated April 12, 2020
Humans have used scarecrows around the worldfor over 3000 years; the first historically recorded use of scarecrows was bythe Egyptians to protect their wheat fields along the Nile River.Other notable pre-medieval cultures known to usescarecrows were the Greeks, Romans and Japanese, according to Redlands DailyFacts.
人类全世界范围使用稻草人近3000年；最早历史记载的稻草人使用是埃及人在尼罗河岸保护他们的麦田。据 Redlands Daily Facts（译注：位于加利福尼亚州雷德兰兹的付费日报，服务于雷德兰兹地区）报道，中世纪前，其他著名的使用稻草人文化是在希腊、罗马和日本。
Scarecrowstend to reflect an aspect of the culture that uses them. The Greeks carved anddecorated their scarecrows to look like one of their deities, and the Germansbuilt theirs to look like witches. Many scarecrows are meant to be frighteningto humans as well as animals, reflecting fear based in superstition. Accordingto Modern Farmer, the word “bogeyman” comes from what German farmers used tocall their scarecrows.
稻草人倾向于反映使用它们的文化的一部分。希腊人将稻草人雕刻和装饰成希腊群神之一，而德国人将其装扮成貌似女巫。许多稻草人通过基于迷信的恐惧吓跑人和动物。根据ModernFarmer（现代农民）,单词Bogeyman妖怪来自德国农民对稻草人的称呼。
https://modernfarmer.com/2019/08/seven-high-tech-scarecrows/
https://modernfarmer.com/2014/05/scarecrow-history-effigy/
Theimmigrant German farmers of the 1800s brought their scarecrow ideas to NorthAmerica when European settlers were still mostly using live patrols, and thescarecrow concept gained enormous popularity during the period of westwardexpansion. Larger farms in sparsely populated areas needed to be protected frombirds that would eat the crops, so Midwest farmers continued using scarecrowsall the way through the Great Depression and World War II.
19世纪初移民的德国农民将他们的稻草人想法带到了北美，当时欧洲定居者仍主要使用现场巡逻。而在西进运动中，稻草人的观念得到了广泛普及。人口稀少地区的大型农场需要保护免受会吃农作物的鸟类的侵害，因此中西部农民在大萧条和第二次世界大战期间一直使用稻草人。
Chemicalfarming of post-war industrialization brought an end to the functionality ofthe scarecrow for modern farms, but smaller farms and hobbyists continue usingscarecrows for their functional, decorative and historic value.
战后化学品在现代农业的使用威胁到稻草人的功用，但小型农场和爱好者继续使用稻草人，不仅因为它们的功能，而且因为它们的装饰和历史价值。
参考：
《可爱的稻草人》孙俊著，刊于《集邮博览》2002/9
https://historybecauseitshere.weebly.com/scarecrows-historically-speaking.html （比较详细，见第一篇翻译，被参考多次）
https://www.smore.com/e8c99-the-history-of-scarecrows 有一个视频和文字
https://www.reference.com/history/history-scarecrows-e4a0929ff85037ab (reference.com, 较为精简，见第二篇翻译）
https://modernfarmer.com/2014/05/scarecrow-history-effigy/ （翻译时找到，看着很专业，我再好好看看）
https://www.learnreligions.com/scarecrows-guardians-of-the-harvest-2562307
https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/gardens/dig-in-the-draw-of-straw-at-a-scarecrow-show-1.2731164 （2016年All-Ireland Scarecrow Championship赛前的一个通告，很有意思，全爱尔兰的两百多稻草人来追逐当年500欧元的最高奖，其中一百多是来自外阜，需要运输到举办地Durrow）
https://durrowscarecrowfestival.com/ 官网，2020-2021年的稻草人节已取消
https://durrowscarecrowfestival.com/all-ireland-scarecrow-championship/赛制介绍，评分细则
https://durrowscarecrowfestival.com/history/ 历史
https://durrowscarecrowfestival.com/scarecrow-village/ 介绍稻草人村，有稻草人之外的各种活动，入场费
https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gj/dqsj/news/2008/09-17/1384789.shtml 美国小镇扎五千多稻草人 申请吉尼斯纪录
美国乔治亚州位于东北部的小镇赫希登，16日以全镇高达5441个稻草人，正式向吉尼斯纪录提出申请，希望成为世界稻草人之都。
https://www.retourdevoyage.com/en/86-hans-silvester-scarecrows-photos
Hans Silvester - Scarecrows, Ethiopia
Hans Silvester has always been interested in scarecrows. He has always sought in all his travels the scarecrows scattered in the fields by the peasants of all countries. It is for Hans, when he speaks to us about it in his studio, his discovery of popular art, his contribution to a popular art also destined to disappear. From Japan to Provence, via Spain and Ethiopia, Hans has at heart to show us the imagination of humanity and the creations coming from different cultures, these scarecrows elaborated with simple daily materials...
The scarecrow is the passion of Hans Silvester.
He discovered them 50 years ago when he arrived in Goult in the Luberon. Since then he has stalked and photographed them everywhere, the last ones: in Ethiopia!
For him, this is the essence of the importance of folk art.
The entire show was built around photographs by Ann Parker, who spent the last 10 years documenting the motley images around the countryside and, with her hus band, Avon Neal, writing the text, published late last year, of “Ephemeral Folk Figures.”
https://fineartamerica.com/art/photographs/scarecrow 各家摄影
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvyhswMRaXsthe legend of the scarecrow 2005 short film
