政治哲学研讨课： 正义的理想理论与非理想理论

开课老师：葛四友

开课院系：哲学学院

开课地点：1区5-513

开课时间：周二下午6-8节（1-11周）

自罗尔斯的《正义论》出版之后，当代英美学界有关正义理论的研究得到了长足的发展，随之也出现了诸多的分歧。而寻求理解这种分歧及背后缘由的过程中，理想与非理想理论之争慢慢浮出水面，在近二十年逐渐成为正义讨论中的热门话题，本课程则是力图对这个争论提供一个全景式的介绍与了解。理想与非理想理论之争缘于罗尔斯，围绕三个对比展开。第一个对比是针对正义的实现条件是否理想，是否是完全服从的；第二个则是针对正义的背景条件是否理想，是否考虑人性与社会事实的限制；第三个对比针对的是正义的实质内容，是否以理想为终极目标，是否是完善论的。

然而，尽管第一个与第三个对比也很重要，但本课程主要着重第二个对比，因为它同时影响到另外两个对比的基线。本门研讨课主要围绕正义原则的设想要考虑何种背景条件，是否要受到各种事实条件的限制来展开，由此形成一个正义理论的光谱。光谱最左端是各种现实主义理论，可以称作是非理想的非理想理论，基本上纳入一切人性限制。这里又可略分两类，一类是马基雅维里、霍布斯等人的现实主义思想（主要是考虑人的自私或自利对于理论形成的根本约束）；另一类是以威廉斯为代表的现实主义（主要以秩序与和平为目的）；谱系的最右端是理想的理想理论，认为正义理论对事实不敏感，主要代表人物是柯恩与伊斯兰德。不过，最多也重要的则是光谱的中端，既考虑现实环境与人性的影响，同时也受到理想的吸引，试图找到政治现实主义与乌托邦主义的中间道路，一般称为现实主义的乌托邦，也可以称为非理想的理想理论。这里又可以分为三类，最靠近现实主义的是以哈耶克、史密茨、高斯等人支持的自由放任或说开放社会（主要是考虑人的无知对理论形成的根本约束）；中间类型是温和的义务论与后果主义，以胡克、马尔根和默菲等人的思想为代表；光谱中最靠近乌托邦的则是以罗尔斯、德沃金为代表的、偏向平等主义的正义理论。

本课程的主要目的是让学生学会以英美的分析进路阅读政治哲学（主要是正义理论）的相关论文，讨论围绕以下几个方面展开。第一个方面是寻找论文的核心及其价值，论文探讨的一阶问题是什么，有什么意义，是要破除旧错误还是增加新知识；第二个方面是找论文的主线，勾勒出论文的整个论证链条，是否有（或能重构出）起承转合的结构等；第三个方面是查看论文的概念是否确定与清晰；第四方面则是找论文的桥梁（如果有的话），如何进行内部批判；第五个方面则是找论文的灵魂，寻找论文中新颖的概念区分或者事实概括。

本课程的第二个目的是通过本课堂的系统学习，为学生提供一个个案，展示硕博士论文应该如何选题、收集相关文献，最主要的是如何寻找和构建属于自己的论证框架，由此进行文献综述。希望课程的完成能帮助同学更好地准备硕博士论文。

本课程最后的目的是让同学们理解现当代英美正义理论为何有如此之多的实质分歧，对正义理论的背景预设有一个概观式的了解，从而以有助于同学们更深入地研究分配正义理论。

选课的学生最好有以下两个方面的背景：一是对于英美的分析进路有所了解，比如读过A.P. Martinich的Philosophical Writing或相关的东西。二是对当下的英美正义理论有所了解，比如读过金里卡的《当代政治哲学》或类似的书籍。

本课程的上课形式以讨论为主：每堂课主要集中就一个问题讨论两篇相关论文（所有同学则需要阅读必读文献，而每次的报告者可以延伸阅读）。

课程内容初步安排如下（11次课）（阅读内容可能会随着课堂表现而有相应调整）

L1：Laura Valentini, “Ideal vs Non-ideal Theory: A Conceptual Map”, Philosophy Compass Vol. 9, No. 7, 2012: 654-664.

Alan Hamlin & Zofia Stemplowska, “Theory, Ideal Theory and the Theory of Ideals”, Political Studies Review, Vol. 10, 2012: 48-62.

F R：Tamar Schapiro, “Compliance, Complicity and the Nature of Non-ideal Conditions”, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 100, No. 7, 2003: 329-55

Clara Stumpf et al, “A Conceptual Structure of Justice”, Ethic Theory and Moral Practice, Vol. 19, 2016: 1187-1202

L2：Bernard Williams, “Realism and Moralism in Political Theory”, in In the Beginning was the Deed, Princeton University Press, 2005:1-17

Alice Baderin, “Two Forms of Realism in Political Theory”, EJPT, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2014: 132-151.

F R：

John Horton, “Realism, Political Moralism, and a Political Theory of Modus vivendi”, EJPT, Vol.9, No.4, 2010: 431-448.

Katrina Forrester, “Judith Shklar, Bernard Williams and Political Realism”, EJPT, Vol. 11, No.3, 2012: 247-272

L3：William Galston, “Realism in Political Theory”, EJPT, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2010: 385-411

M Sleat, “Realism, Liberalism and Non-ideal Theory”, Political Studies, Vol. 64. No. 1, 2014.

FR

Robert Jubb, “Norms, Evaluations, and Ideal and Non-ideal Theory”, Social Philosophy and Policy, Vol.33, No.1-2, 2016: 393-412.

L4：G.A. Cohen, “Facts and Principles”, PPA, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2003: 211-45.

Lyman Sargent, “In Defence of Utopia”, Diogenes, Vol. 209, 11-17

Michael Walzer, “Should We Reclaim Political Utopianism”, EJPT, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2012: 24-30.

F R：David Estlund, “Human Nature and the Limits (if any) of Political Philosophy”, PPA, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2011: 207-237.

David Estlund, “Utopophobia”, PPA, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2014: 113-134

David Estlund, “What is Circumstantial about Justice?”, Social Policy and Philosophy, Vol. 33, No. 1-2, 2016: 292-311.

David Esltund, “Methodological Moralism in Political Philosophy”, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2017: 365-379.

L5：Collin Farelley, “Justice in Ideal Theory: A Refutation”, Political Studies, Vol. 55, 2007: 844-864.

David Wiens, “Against Ideal Guidance”, The Journal of Politics, Vol. 77, No. 2, 2015: 433-446.

Luis Rerolo, “The Triple of Confusion of Utopia”, Diogenes, Vol. 209, 5-10.

FR

Jacob Levy, “There is no such things as Ideal Theory”, Social Philosophy and Policy, Vol. 33, No. 1-2, 2016:312-333.

Collin Farrelley, “Dualism, Incentives and The Demands of Rawlsian Justice”, Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2005: 675-695.

L6：Pablo Gilabert & Holly Lawford-Smith, “Political Feasibility: A Conceptual Exploration”, Political Studies, Vol. 60, 2012: 809-825

Anca Gheaus, “The Feasibility Constraint on the Concept of Justice”, The Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 63, No. 252, 2013: 445-464.

FR

Andrew Mason, “Rawlsian Theory and the Circumstance of Justice”, Political Theory, Vol. 38. No. 5, 2010: 658-683

Amy Berg, “Ideal Theory and ‘Ought implies Can’”, Pacific Philosophy Quarterly, Vol. 99, 2018: 869-890

Eva Erman & Niklas Moller, “A World of Possibilities: The Place of Feasibility in Political Theory”, Res Public, 2019.

L7：Marit Boker, “The Concept of Realistic Utopia: Ideal Theory as Critique”, Constellations, Vol. 24, No.1, 2017:89-100

D.C, Mattew, “Rawls’s Ideal Theory: A Clarification and Defense”, Res Public, 2018:1-18

FR

Annette Foster, “Probing the Limits of Rawls’s Realistic Utopia”, Social Philosophy and Policy, 2016: 334-353.

Holly Lawford-Smith, “Non-Ideal Accessibility”, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2013: 653-669

L8：Tim Mulgan, “Two Conceptions of Benevolence”, PPA, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1997: 62-79.

Liam Murphy, “The Demands of Beneficence”, PPA, Vol. 22, No. 4, 1993: 267-292.

F R：

David Wiens, “Motivational Limitations on the Demands of Justice”, EJPT, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2016: 333-352.

Russel Hardin, “The Utilitarian Logic of Liberalism”, Ethics, Vol. 97, No. 1, 1986: 47-74.

Liam Murphy, “Institutions and the Demands of Justice”, PPA, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1998: 251-291.

L9：Amartya Sen, “What Do We Want from a Theory of Justice”, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 103, No. 5, 2006：215-238.

Pablo Gilabert, “Comparative Assessment of Justice, Political Feasibility and Ideal Theory”, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2012: 39-56

F R：Robert E Goodin, “Political Ideals and Political Practice”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 25, No.1, 1995: 37-56.

Martijn Boot, “The Aim of a Theory of Justice”, Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, Vol.15, 2012: 7-21.

L10: A J Simmons, “Ideal and Non-ideal Theory”, PPA, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2010: 5-36

Zofia Stemploska, “What’s Ideal About Ideal Theory”, Social Theory and Practice, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2008: 319-340

F R：Lea Ypi, “On the Confusion between Ideal and Non-ideal in Recent Debates on Global Justice”, Political Studies, Vol. 58, 2010: 536-555.

L11: Alexandru Volcu, “Bridging Ideal and Non-Ideal Theory”, Political Studies, Vol. 66, No. 4, 2018: 887-902.

Michael Philips, “Reflections on the transition from Ideal to Non-ideal Theory”, Nous, Vol. 19, No. 4, 1985: 551-570

F R：Brian Carey, “Towards a ‘Non-Ideal’ Non-ideal Theory”, Journal of Applied Philosoph y, Vol. 32. No. 2, 2015: 147-162.

General F R：Gerald Gaus, The Tyranny of Ideal, Princeton University Press, 2016

David Leopold & Marc Stears ed., Political Theory: Methods and Approaches, Oxford University Press, 2008

Michael Webber & Kevin Vallier ed., Political Utopias, Oxford University Press, 2017.

General F R：Gerald Gaus, The Tyranny of Ideal, Princeton University Press, 2016

David Leopold & Marc Stears ed., Political Theory: Methods and Approaches, Oxford University Press, 2008

Michael Webber & Kevin Vallier ed., Political Utopias, Oxford University Press, 2017.