'Islands and Beaches': The Pacific and Indian Oceans in the Long Nineteenth Century——Reading List A2

‘ISLANDS AND BEACHES’:

THE PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS IN THE LONG NINETEENTH CENTURY

Convenor: Dr. Sujit Sivasundaram, Gonville and Caius College, sps20@cam.ac.uk

11. RACE IN THE OCEANIC REPUBLIC OF LETTERS

a. Was the idea of race created across oceans?

b. What was distinctive about the imagination of race in the Indian and Pacific oceans?

Please read across on ‘Slavery’

Sujit Sivasundaram and Marwa Elshakry eds., Science, Race and Imperialism (2012), for primary sources.

The Indian ocean circuit:

Tony Ballantyne, Race and orientalism: Aryanism in the British Empire (2002).

Shruti Kapila, ‘Race Matters: Orientalism and Religion, India and Beyond, c. 1770-1880,’ Modern Asian Studies (2007), pp. 471–513.

Ann L. Stoler, ‘Making empire respectable: the politics of race and sexual morality in twentieth-century colonial cultures’, in American Ethnologist (1989).

____, Carnal knowledge and imperial power: race and the intimate in colonial rule (2002).

Harriet Deacon, ‘Racial categories and psychiatry in Africa: the asylum on Robben island in the nineteenth century’, in Ernst and Harris eds., Race, science and medicine, 1700-1960 (1999).

Thomas Trautmann, Aryans and British India (1997).

Mark Harrison, ‘The Tender Frame of Man’: Disease, Climate, and Racial Difference in India and the West Indies, 1760–1860,’ Bulletin of the History of Medicine 70 (1996), pp. 68–93.

P. Scully, ‘Rape, Race and Colonial Culture: The sexual politics of identity in the nineteenth-century Cape Colony’, in American Historical Review (1995).

R. Roque, Headhunting and colonialism: Anthropology and the circulation of skulls in the Portuguese Empire (2010).

R. Buschmann, Anthropology’s global histories: the ethnographic frontier in German New Guinea (2009).

Sujit Sivasundaram, ‘Race, empire and biology before Darwin’, in Ron Numbers and Denis Alexander eds., Biology and ideology (2010).

The Pacific ocean circuit:

Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific, 1768–1850, A Study in the History of Art and Ideas (1960).

Roy MacLeod and Philip F. Rehbock, eds., Darwin’s Laboratory: Evolutionary Theory and Natural History in the Pacific (1994).

B. Douglas eds., Foreign Bodies: Oceania and the Science of Race (2008).

W. Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American tropical medicine, race and hygiene in the Philippines (2006).

Damon Salesa, Racial Crossings: Race, Intermarriage, and the Victorian British Empire (2011).

____, ‘The Power of the Physician: Doctors and the Dying Maori in early colonial New Zealand’, in Australia and New Zealand Society for the History of Medicine (2001).

R. Eves, ‘Black and white, a significant contrast: race humanism and missionary photography in the Pacific’, in Ethnic and Racial Studies (2006).

P. Levine, ‘States of undress: Nakedness and the Colonial Imagination’, in Victorian Studies (2008).

Harry Liebersohn, The Travelers’ World: Europe to the Pacific (2006).

Nicholas Thomas, ‘The Force of Ethnology: Origins and Significance of the Melanesia/Polynesia Division,’ Current Anthropology (1989), pp. 27–41.

Sujit Sivasundaram, Nature and the Godly Empire: Science and Evangelical Mission in the Pacific, 1795-1850 (2005).

Matt K. Matsuda, Empire of Love: Histories of France and the Pacific (2005).

Warwick Anderson, ‘Racial Conceptions in the Global South’, in Isis (2014).

12. SCIENCE’S MOST EXPANSIVE LABORATORIES

‘The expansive laboratories which gave birth to modern science.’ Discuss this view of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

You are encouraged to read this special issue which arose from a recent conference in Cambridge closely connected to teachers of this course:

*Sebestian Kroupa, Stephanie Mawson and Dorit Brixius eds., 'Science and Islands in the Indo-Pacific Worlds', in British Journal for the History of Science (2018).

Simon Schaffer et. al eds. The Brokered World: Go-Betweens and Global Intelligence, 1770-1820 (2009)

Sujit Sivasundaram, ‘Science’, in Armitage and Bashford eds., Pacific Histories (2014). Kapil Raj, Relocating Modern Science: Circulation and the construction of knowledge in South Asia and Europe (2007)

John Gascoigne, Encountering the Pacific in the Age of Enlightenment (2014).

Ralph Kingston, ‘A not so Pacific voyage: The floating laboratory of Nicholas Baudin’, in Endeavour (2007).

Richard Drayton, Nature’s Government: science, imperial Britain and the Improvement of the world (2000).

Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentaism, 1600-1860 (1995).

Sujit Sivasundaram, Nature and the Godly Empire: science and Evangelical Mission in the Pacific (2005).

Saul Dubow, A Commonwealth of Knowledge. Science, Sensibility and White South Africa, 1820-2000 (2006).

Lissa Roberts, ‘Situating Science in Global History: Local Exchanges and Networks of Circulation’, Itinerario (2009), pp. 9-30.

Simon Werrett, ‘Transit and Transition: Astronomy, Topography and Politics in Russian expeditions to view the transit of Venus, 1874’, in Cahiers Francois Viete (2006), pp. 147-176.

C. Skott, ‘The VOC and Swedish natural history: The transmission of scientific knowledge in the eighteenth century’, in Siegfried Huigen et al. eds., The Dutch trading companies as knowledge networks (2010).

Vinita Damodaran and Anna Winterbottom eds., The East India Company and the Natural World (2014).

Jane Samson, ‘An empire of science’ in Samson and Frost eds., Pacific empires: essays in honour of Glyn Williams (1999).

Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific (1985).

*R. Sorrenson, ‘The ship as scientific instrument’, in Osiris (1996).

Alder, ‘The ship as laboratory: Making Space for Field Science at Sea’, in Journal of the History of Biology (2013).

Margaret Lincoln eds., Science and Exploration in the Pacific (2001).

Tony Ballantyne eds., Science, Empire and the European Exploration of the Pacific (2004)

P.F. Rehbock, Nature in its greatest extent: Western science in the Pacific (1998)

P.F. Rehbock and R. Macleod eds., Darwin’s laboratory: Evolutionary theory and natural history in the Pacific (1994).

Ron Numbers and John Stenhouse eds., Disseminating Darwinism (2001). Chapter by Stenhouse on New Zealand.

B. Dougalas, Foreign Bodies in Oceania (2008).

Roy Macleod eds., Nature and Empire : Science and the Colonial Enterprise (2000).

Rochelle Pinto, ‘A Travelling Science: Anthropometry and Colonialism in the Indian Ocean’, in S. Moorthy and A. Jamal eds., Indian Ocean Studies (2010).

Anna Winterbottom, Hybrid Knowledge in the Early East India Company World (2016).

13. MARINE TECHNOLOGIES AND THE CHALLENGE OF THE GREAT SEAS

a. How far did new technologies make the seas disappear in the long nineteenth century?

b. With what consequences did Indian ocean peoples continue to work on the ships in their seas through the course of the nineteenth century?

Read across on ‘Science’

P.F. Rehbock, Nature in its greatest extent: Western science in the Pacific (1998).

Helen Rozwadowski, ‘Technology and Ocean-scape: Defining the deep sea in the mid nineteenth century,’ History and Technology, 17 (2001), pp. 217-247.

____, Fathoming the Ocean (Cambridge, 2008)

Frances Steel, Oceania under Steam: Sea Transport and the Cultures of Colonialism, c.1870-1914 (2011).

David Arnold, ‘Europe, Technology and Colonialism in the 20th Century’, History and Technology, 21.1 (2005), pp. 85-106.

____, Everyday Technology: Machines and the Making of India’s Modernity (2013).

D.G. Burnett, 'Hydrographic discipline', in J Ackerman ed., The imperial map (2009).

Margaret Lincoln eds., Science and Exploration in the Pacific (2001).

R. Sorrenson, ‘The ship as scientific instrument’, in Osiris (1996).

Roland Wenzlhuemer and Michael Offermann, ‘Ship Newspapers and Passenger Life Aboard Transoceanic Steamships in the Late Ninteenth Century’, in Transcultural Studies (2012).

Jane Samson, ‘An empire of science’, in Samson and Frost eds., Pacific empires: essays in honour of Glyn Williams (1999).

D. Parkin and R. Barnes eds., Ships and the Development of Marine Technology in the Indian Ocean (2002).

M.N. Pearson, The Indian Ocean (2003). Chapter 7.

Eric Tagliocozzo, ‘Hydrography, Technology, Coercion: Mapping the Sea in Southeast Asian Imperialism, 1850-1900’, in Rigby, Lincoln, Killingray eds., Maritime empires (2004).

F. Harcourt, Flagships of imperialism: The P&O Company and the politics of empire from its origins to 1867 (2006).

R. Mrazek, Engineers of Happy Land: technology and nationalism in a colony (2002). P.M. Kennedy, 'Imperial cable communications and strategy, 1870-1914' in English Historical Review (1971), pp. 728-752.

Daniel Headrick, Tentacles of Progress: Technology transfer in the age of imperialism, 1850-1940 (1988).

____, Tools of empire: Technology and European imperialism in the nineteenth century (1981).

B. Marsden and C. Smith, Engineering Empires: A Cultural History of Technology in Nineteenth-century Britain (1999), Chapters on telegraph.

Deep Kanta Lahiri Choudhury, 'India's First Virtual Community and the Telegraph General Strike of 1908.' International Review of Social History 48 (2003), pp. 45-71.

Bruce Hunt, 'The Ohm is where the art is: British Telegraph Engineers and the development of electrical standards', in Osiris (1994), pp.48-63.

Ralph Kingston, ‘A not so Pacific voyage: the ‘floating laboratory’ of Nicolas Baudin’ in Endeavour (2007).

D. Cannadine eds., Empire, the sea and Global History (2007).

Mio Wakita, ‘Sites of Disconnectedness: The Port City of Yokohama, Souvenir Photography and its Audience’, in Transcultural Studies (2013).

Indian ocean seamen

‘Cultures of protest in transnational contexts: Indian seamen abroad’, in Transforming Cultures ejournal (2008).

J. Hyslop, ‘Steamship Empire: Asian, African and British Sailors in the merchant marine’, in African studies (2009).

E. Gilbert, Dhows and the Colonial Economy of Zanzibar (2004).

Abdul Sheriff, Dhow cultures of the Indian Ocean: Cosmopolitanism, Commerce and Islam (2010).

G. Balachandran, ‘Conflicts in the International Maritime Labour Market: British and Indian Seamen, Employers, and the State, 1890-1939', in Indian Economic and Social History Review (2002).

____, ‘Circulation through Seafaring: Indian Seamen 1890 - 1945,’ in Claude Markovits et al. eds., Society and Circulation: Mobile Peoples and Itinerant Cultures in South Asia, 1750-1950 (2003).

Janet Ewald, ‘Crossers of the Sea: Slaves, Freedmen, and Other Migrants in the Northwestern Indian Ocean, C. 1750 - 1914’, American Historical Review 105 (2000).

Ravi Ahuja, ‘Mobility and Containment: the voyages of South Asian seamen, c.1900 – 1960’, in International Review of Social History 51(2006), pp. 111–141.

Rozina Visram, Ayahs, Lascars and Princes: Indians in Britain 1700-1947 (1986).

A Jan Qaisar, ‘From Port to Port: Life on Indian ships in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries’, in A. Das Gupta and M.N. Pearson eds., India and the Indian Ocean 1500-1800 (1987).

Mariam Dossal, ‘Indian Maritime Historiography: West Coast Merchants in a Globalizing Economy’, in F. Broeze eds., Maritime History at the Crossroads (1995).

A. Jaffer, Lascars and Indian Ocean Seafaring, 1780-1860 (2015).

14. CHRISTIANITY ACROSS WATERS

a. How and why did Pacific islanders accelerate the process of Christian evangelism?

b. Did conversion give rise to particularly ‘hybrid Christianities’ in locations close to the sea?

*Piers Larson, Ocean of Letters: Language and Creolization in the Indian Ocean Diaspora (2009).

*Tony Ballantyne, Entanglements of Empire: Missionaries, Maori and the Question of the Body (2014).

Susan Bayly, Saints, Goddesses and Kings (2004).

E. Elbourne, Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions and the contest for Christianity in

the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799-1853 (2002).

R. Elphick and T.R.H. Davenport eds., Christianity in South Africa (1997).

J. and J. Comaroff, Of revelation and revolution (2vols, 1991-1997).

Neil Gunson, Messengers of Grace: Evangelical Missionaries in the South Seas (1978).

J Blanco, Frontier Constitutions: Christianity and colonial empire in the nineteenth-century Philippines (2009).

Anna Johnston, Missionary writing and empire (2003). Chapters on the Pacific.

*Sujit Sivasundaram, Nature and the Godly Empire: Science and Evangelical Mission in the

Pacific (2005).

Doug Munro and A Thornley eds., The Covenant Makers: Islander Missionaries in the Pacific (1996).

Jane Samson, ‘Ethnology and Theology: Nineteenth-Century Mission Dilemmas in the South Pacific’, in Brian Stanley, ed., Christian Missions and the Enlightenment (2001), pp. 99-122.

Helen Gardner, Gathering for God: George Brown in Oceania (2006).

Christine Weir, The Work of Mission: Race, Labour and Christian humanitarianism in the south-west Pacific 1870-1930 (2003).

Vanessa Smith, Literary Culture and the Pacific (1998).

Nicholas Thomas, Entangled Objects: Exchange, Material Culture, and Colonialism in the Pacific (1991).

R. Eves, ‘Black and white, a significant contrast’: Race, humanism and missionary photography in the Pacific’, in Ethnic and Racial Studies (2006).

Rod Edmond, Representing the South Pacific: Colonial Discourse from Cook to Gauguin (1997).

Jane Samson, Imperial Benevolence: Making British Authority in the South Pacific (1998).

J. Garrett, Footsteps in the sea: Christianity in Oceania to World War II (1992).

15. PILGRIMAGE AND RELIGIOUS MODERNITY IN THE INDIAN OCEAN

a. What was the impact of being separated by the sea on the emergence of Islamic modernity in the Indian Ocean world?

b. What was the role of the hajj in sustaining religious connections?

Edward Simpson and Kai Kresse eds., Struggling with history: Islam and cosmopolitanism in the western Indian Ocean (2008).

Eric Tagliacozzo, The Longest Journey: Southeast Asians and the Pilgrimage to Mecca (2013).

Nile Green, Bombay Islam: The Religious Economy of the West Indian Ocean, 1840-1915

(2011).

____, ‘The Hajj as its Own Undoing: Infrastructure & Integration on the Muslim Journey to Mecca’, Past & Present (2015).

Roundtable, ‘The Indian Ocean and other Middle Easts’ in Comparative Studies of South Asia, Middle East and Africa (2014).

Felicitas Becker, Becoming Muslim in Mainland Tanzania (2008). Chapters 6, 7, and 8.

K. Kresse, Philosophizing in Mombasa: Knowledge, Islam and intellectual practice on the Swahili coast (2007).

John Slight, ‘British Imperial rule and the Hajj’, in D. Motadel ed., Islam and the European Empires (2014), pp. 53-72.

A. Bang, Sufis and Scholars in the sea: family networks in East Africa, 1860-1925 (2003).

Engseng Ho, Graves of Tarim: geneaology and mobility across the Indian ocean (2006).

U. Freitag and W.G. Clarence-Smith eds., Hadhrami traders, scholars and statement in the Indian ocean 1750s-1960s (1997).

Michael Miller, ‘Pilgrim’s Progress: The Business of the Hajj’, in Past and Present (2006).

Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination (1990).

F.E. Peters, The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places (1994). Chapter 4 onwards.

Barbara Metcalf, ‘What happened in Mecca? Mumtaz Mufti’s ‘Labbaik’’, in Robert Folkenflik ed., The Culture of Autobiography (1993).

M.N. Pearson, Pilgrimage to Mecca: The Indian Experience (1996). Chapter after 1750.

D. Parkin and S. Headley eds., Islamic prayer across the Indian ocean (2000).

Tim Youngs ed., Travel Writing in the Nineteenth Century: Filling the Blank Spaces (2006). Chapter 7 on Nawab Sikander Begam’s haj pilgrimage.

Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: the Indian Ocean in the age of global empire (2006). Chapter Six, “Pilgrim’s Progress under Colonial Rules”, pp.193-233.

Saurabh Mishra, ‘Beyond the bounds of time? The Haj pilgrimage from the Indian subcontinent, 1865-1920’, in Harrison and Pati eds., The Social History of Health and Medicine in Colonial India (2009), pp. 31-44.

M.C. Low, ‘Empire and the Hajj: pilgrims, plagues and Pan-Islam, 1865-1908’, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 40 (2008), pp. 269-290.

William Roff, ‘Sanitation and Security: the imperial powers and the nineteenth century Hajj’, Arabian Studies VI (1982), pp. 143-61.

William Ochsenwald, Religion, society, and the state in Arabia : the Hijaz under Ottoman control, 1840-1908 (1984). Chapter 2: Religion and Chapter 3: Pilgrimage.

16. AMERICAN EMPIRE IN THE PACIFIC

‘Another westward expansion or the origins of a new empire?’ Discuss in relation to American engagement with the Pacific islands in the nineteenth century.

Primary source

Charles Wilkes, Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition (1845).

American interests in the Pacific across the long nineteenth century

Michael Auslin, Pacific Cosmopolitans: A Cultural History of Japan-U.S. Relations (2011).

Bruce Cumings, Dominion from Sea to Sea: Pacific Ascendancy and American Power (2010).

Arthur Power Dudden ed., American Empire in the Pacific: From Trade to Strategic Balance, 1700-1922 (2004).

James R. Fichter, So Great a Profit: How the East Indies Trade Transformed Anglo-American Capitalism (2010).

James R. Gibson, Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwestern Coast, 1785-1841 (1992).

Patricia Grimshaw, ‘Christian Woman, Pious Wife, Faithful Mother, Devoted Missionary: Conflicts in Roles of American Missionary Women in Nineteenth-Century Hawaii', Feminist Studies (1983).

Gerald Horne, The White Pacific: U.S. Imperialism and Black Slavery in the South Seas after the Civil War (2007).

Paul Lyons, American Pacificism: Oceania in the U.S. Imagination (2006).

Sally Engle Merry, Colonizing Hawai'i: The Cultural Power of Law (2000).

Joy Schulz, Hawaiian by Birth: Missionary Children, Bicultural Identity, and U.S. Colonialism in the Pacific (2017).

Jennifer Thigpen, Island Queens and Mission Wives: How Gender and Empire Remade Hawai'i's Pacific World (2014).

Ian Tyrrell, Reforming the World: The Creation of American's Moral Empire (2010). Chapter 6.

Gray H. Whaley, Oregon and the Collapse of Illahee: U.S. Empire and the Transformation of an Indigenous World, 1792-1859 (2010).

The United States’ ‘formal’ empire in the Pacific

Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (2006).

David Brody, Visualizing American Empire: Orientalism and Imperialism in the Philippines (2010).

Julian Go and Anne L. Foster eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (2003).

J. A. C. Gray, Amerika Samoa: A History of Samoa and its United States Naval Administration (1960).

Kristen L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (1998).

Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (2006).

Eric T. L. Love, Race over Empire: Racism and U.S. Imperialism, 1865-1900 (2004).

Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (2004).

Lanny Thompson, Imperial Archipelago: Representation and Rule in the Insular Territories Under U.S. Dominion (2010).

The Pacific within longer histories of American expansion

Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (1980). Part 4

Walter L. Hixson, American Settler Colonialism: A History (2013). Chapters 7 and 8.

Re-centring Pacific islanders

Noelani Arista, The Kingdom and the Republic: Sovereign Hawai'i and the Early United States (2018).

David A. Chang, The World and All the Things Upon It: Native Hawaiian Geographies of Exploration (2016). Chapters 3-5, 7.

Kealani Cook, Return to Kahiki: Native Hawaiians in Oceania (2018). Introduction.

Gary Y. Okihiro, Island World: A History of Hawai'i and the United States (2008).

Tom Smith, 'Hawaiian History and American History: Integration or Separation?', American Nineteenth Century History, 20.2 (2019).

Comparative perspectives

Stuart Banner, Possessing the Pacific: Land, Settlers, and Indigenous People from Australia to Alaska (2007).

Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (2011). Introduction and chapters 1 and 2.

17. THE PACIFIC IN THE LITERARY IMAGINATION

a. Why was the Pacific such a fertile field of literary production and inspiration?

b. In the midst of a redefinition of imperial priorities, how far did literature sustain a Western interest in Pacific island communities?

Robert Louis Stevenson, In the South Seas, ed. By Neil Rennie (1889, republished 1998).

Herman Melville, Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas (1847, republished 2007).

____, Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life (1846, republished 2001).

Paul Gauguin, Noa Noa: The Tahiti Journal of Paul Gauguin (1985).

Vanessa Smith, J. Lamb and Nicholas Thomas eds., Exploration and Exchange: A South sea Anthology (2000).

Jack London, The Cruise of the Snark: Jack London's South Sea Adventure (1911, republished 2001).

Vanessa Smith, Literary culture and the South Pacific: nineteenth-century textual encounters (1989).

Rod Edmond, Representing the South Pacific: Colonial Discourse from Cook to Gauguin (1997).

Tim Fulford et al eds., Literature, Science and Exploration in the Romantic Era (2004).

Steven Hooper, Pacific Encounters: Art and Divinity in Polynesia 1760-1860 (2006).

Neil Rennie, Far-Fetched Facts: the Literature of Travel and the Idea of the South Seas (1995).

Bill Pearson, Rifled Sanctuaries: Some Views of the Pacific Islands in Western Literature to 1900 (1984).

A. Grove Day, Mad About Islands: Novelists of a Vanquished Pacific (1987).

Nigel Krauth, New Guinea Images in Australian Literature (1982).

Kerry Howe, Nature, Culture and History: The ''Knowing' of Oceania (2000). Roslyn Jolly, Robert Louis Stevenson in the Pacific: Travel, Empire, and the Author's Profession (2009).

Ann C. Colley, Robert Louis Stevenson and the Colonial Imagination (2004).

Barry Menikoff, Robert Louis Stevenson and 'the Beach of Falesa': A Study in Victorian Publishing with the Original Text (1984).

Stephen F. Eisenman, Gauguin's Skirt (1999).

Roslyn Jolly, ‘South Sea Gothic: Pierre Loti and Robert Louis Stevenson’ in English Literature in Transition 1880-1920, 47 (2004).

Contemporary/Asian Pacific literature

Michell Keown, Pacific Islands Writing: The Postcolonial Literatures of Aotearoa/New Zealand and Oceania (2007).

S. Naoto, Nayno-Orientalism: Japanese Representations of the Pacific (2007).

18. COSMOPOLITANISM AND NATIONALISM IN THE INDIAN OCEAN WORLD

a. What was the link between cosmopolitanism and nationalism in the Indian Ocean World before 1914?

b. What imagined political topographies were open to the peoples of the Indian Ocean world by 1914?

Carol A. Breckenridge et al. eds., Cosmopolitanism (2002).

Edward Simpson and Kai Kresse eds., Struggling with history: Islam and cosmopolitanism in the western Indian Ocean (2008).

T.N. Harper, ‘Empire, Diaspora and the Languages of Globalism, 1850-1914’, in A.G. Hopkins ed., Globalization in World History (2002).

Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (2006).

L .T. Fawaz and C. A. Bayly, Modernity and Culture from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (2002).

Mark Frost, “‘Wider Opportunities’: Religious Revival, Nationalist Awakening and the Global Dimension in Colombo, 1870-1920”, in Modern Asian Studies 36.4 (2002), pp. 937-67.

____, ‘To Durban via Singapore and other colonial port-cities: an historical journey across the Indian Ocean in search of cosmopolitanism, 1869-1919,’ in Pamila Gupta et. al. eds., Eyes across the water: Navigating the Indian Ocean (2009).

Sugata Bose and K. Manjapra eds., Cosmopolitan Thought Zones: South Asia and the Global Circulation of Ideas (2010). Especially essay by Hofmeyr.

Sunil Amrith, ‘Indians Overseas: Governing Tamil Migration to Malaya, 1870-1941’, in Past and Present (2010).

F. Broeze ed., Brides of the Sea: Port Cities of Asia from the 16th to 20th Centuries (1989).

Sulin Lewis, ‘Echoes of Cosmopolitanism: Colonial Penang's 'Indigenous' English Press’, in Chandrika Kaul ed., Media and the British Empire (2006).

Articles in Vol.57, 2007 of South African Historical Journal on ‘South Africa/India’ and in particular: Isabel Hofmeyr, ‘The Idea of ‘Africa’ in Indian Nationalism: Reporting the Diaspora in The Modern Review 1907–1929’, in South. African Historical Journal 57 (2007), pp.60-81.

V. Padayachee, ‘Struggle, Collaboration and Democracy: The 'Indian Community' in South Africa, 1860-1999’, in Economic and Political Weekly (1999).

Wilson Chacko Jacob, For God or empire? Sayyid Fadl and the Indian Ocean World (2019).

Nile Green, 'The Waves of Heterotopia: Toward a Vernacular Intellectual History of the Indian Ocean', American Historical Review 123.3 (2018), pp. 846 - 874.

19. THE TURN AWAY FROM THE OCEAN

a. How had European empire moved ‘inland’ by the First World War?

b. How did the sea lose its significance in political terms?

Halford Mackinder, ‘The Geographical Pivot of History’ in The Geographical Journal (1904).

John Darwin, The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World System 1830-1970 (2009).

____, 'Imperialism and the Victorians: The Dynamics of Territorial Expansion', English Historical Review (1997), pp. 614-642.

M. Kent ed., The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire. (1996).

A.L. Macfie , The End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1923 (1998).

G.N. Sanderson and R. Oliver eds., Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 6, (1985). Esp. Chapter 2 and pp. 692-722.

C. Newbury, and A. Kanya-Forstner, 'French Policy and the origins of the Scramble for Africa, in Journal of African History 10.2 (1969), pp. 253-276.

Robert Holland, ‘The British Empire and the Great War’, in Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol IV (1999).

James Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have failed (1998).

Daniel Headrick, Power over peoples: Technology, Environments and Western Imperialism (2009).

Dominic Lieven, Empire: The Russian Empire and its Rivals (2003).

P. Satia. ‘Air Control and the British Idea of Arabia’, in Wm. Roger Louis ed., Penultimate Adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain, (2007).

____, ‘The Defense of Inhumanity: Air Control in Iraq and the British Idea of Arabia,’ in American Historical Review 111 (2006).

Robert McCormack, ‘Airlines and Empires: Great Britain and the Scramble for Africa,1919-1939’, Canadian Journal of African Studies 10.1 (1976).

James Ryan, ‘Visualising Imperial Geography: Halford Mackinder and the Colonial Office Visual Instruction Committee’, in Cultural Geographies (1994).