Wikipedia条目翻译 - 恶魔犬

“恶魔犬”（Devil Dog）是起源于一战时期的美国海军陆战队绰号。

历史

有不少美海军陆战队出版物都声称这个昵称的英文版“Devil Dogs”直译自德语“Teufel Hunden”（恶魔犬）（注1），而德军士兵是在1918年6月的贝洛森林战役期间给美国海军陆战队起了这个绰号。但在战役开始的6周前，在1918年4月14日，就已经有上百家美国报纸刊登了一封用词花哨、没有署名的通讯社报道：

美国海军陆战队世代传承的绰号“皮革脖子”已成为历史！至少德国人已经不再这么叫了，来自法国的报告如是说。德国人给这些陆战队员起了个含义更多的绰号“teufel hunden”，在英语中意为“恶魔犬”。

美国媒体立即抓住了这个新名字，在1918年7月，画家Charles Buckles Falls就已经在为海军陆战队创作的征兵海报上使用了Teufel Hunden，画了一头美国斗牛犬正在追杀一条戴着钉盔（pickelhaube）的德国腊肠犬的场面。

但最早在1921年就已有人质疑恶魔犬所谓的“德国来历”，记者H. L. Mencken写道，这个词是一个美国战地记者编出来的。在现代学界，美海军陆战队历史部门（United States Marine Corps History Division）的Robert V. Aquilina曾表示，陆战队员们自己可能才是这个词的首先使用者，找不到德方使用该词或者能证明该词起源的证据。国家海军陆战队博物馆（National Museum of the Marine Corps）的Patrick Mooney也曾写道“我们没有能证明这个词源自德军的证据…德语书面资料里没有将美海军陆战队员称作恶魔犬的记载，甚至连‘恶魔犬’一词的其他拼法或相关语言成分都找不到”。而且，德国军事历史研究所（German Military History Research Institute）的Heiner Bröckermann中校在接受《星条旗报》采访时也表示自己“从未在德国听闻任何人使用‘Teufelshund’或‘Teufelshunde’这样的词”。尽管如此，恶魔犬一词还是早已牢牢扎根于美海军陆战队的传说中。

注1:“恶魔犬”在德语中的正确写法是“Teufelshund”（单数）和“Teufelshunde”（复数）。虽然“Teufelshund”在语法上没错，但却在德国无人知晓。德语母语者更可能用“Höllenhund”（地狱犬）来表达“恶魔犬”之义，这又引发了对“恶魔犬”起源的更多疑问。

参考资料

· Simmons, Edwin H. (2018). Westermeyer, Paul (ed.). The Legacy of Belleau Wood: 100 Years of Making Marines and Winning Battles. Quantico, Virginia: Marine Corps History Division. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-16-094412-3.

· Wright, Evan (2004). Generation Kill: Devil Dogs, Iceman, Captain America, and the New Face of American War. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 47. ISBN 9780425224748.

· "German Myth 13: Teufelshunde – Devil Dogs and the Marines". ThoughtCo. Dotdash.

· Schogol, Jeff (January 4, 2011). "Did Marines, not German soldiers, coin the phrase 'Devil Dogs'?". Stars and Stripes.

· United States Marine Corps (2010). U.S. Marine Guidebook. New York: Skyhorse. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-60239-941-9.

· "6th Marine Regiment > Units > 1st Battalion > History". United States Marine Corps.

· Neller, Robert B. (November 10, 2018). "A Message from the Commandant of the United States Marine Corps" (PDF). Letter to United States Marine Corps.

· Price, Will (May 28, 2006). "Remembering the Battle of Belleau Wood". United States Marine Corps. “Little wonder that from the time of this fierce battle to the present day, Marines are still known by the nickname given them by the awed Germans they vanquished at Belleau Wood: "Teufelhunden," which means "Hounds from Hell," or "Devil Dogs."”

· Hanks, Nathan (November 30, 2016). "Marines Maintain Warrior Spirit Through MCMAP". United States Marine Corps. “In 1918, during the battle of Belleau Wood, France, the Marines were given the nickname "teufelhunden," or "Devil Dog," by the Germans for their fierce fighting ability.”

· "Essay in Marine Nomenclature". The New York Herald. April 14, 1918. p. 8.

· "'Devil Dogs', Foe Calls Marines". The Detroit Free Press. April 14, 1918. p. 13.

· "Germans Call 'em Teufel Hunden: Recruiters Report a New Nickname for Marines". The Boston Daily Globe. April 14, 1918. p. 12.

· "'Devil Dogs' New Name for U.S. Marine Corps". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 14, 1918. p. 6.

· "Glass Sights". Arms and the Man. Vol. 64, no. 7. May 11, 1918. p. 10.

· Sturkey, Marion F. (2003). Warrior Culture of the U.S. Marines. Plum Branch, South Carolina: Heritage Press International. p. 104. ISBN 0-9650814-1-9.

· "Teufel Hund Posters at Marine Office". The Bend Bulletin. July 20, 1918. p. 4. “'Teufel Hund'...is the leading display line on the new Marine recruiting placards and posters...the Marine bulldog is showing chasing the German Daschsund. The last line...is 'Devil Dog Recruiting Station'...”

· Donald, Graeme (2009). Loose Cannons: 101 Myths, Mishaps and Misadventures of Military History. New York: Osprey. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-1-84603-377-3.

· Mencken, H. L. (1921). The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States (2nd ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 333.

· Schehl, Matthew L. (June 14, 2016). "This photo of Gen. Neller drinking from the devil dog fountain will motivate you". Marine Corps Times.“The term very likely was first used by Marines themselves and appeared in print before the Battle for Belleau Wood," Bob Aquilina of the Marine Corps History Division told Schogol at the time. "It gained notoriety in the decades following World War I and has since become a part of Marine Corps tradition.”